Structural bioinformatics analysis of antigenic changes in influenza virus hemagglutinin

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The hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A viruses undergoes antigenic changes to escape from antibody-mediated immune pressure. In order to control for influenza, it is important to understand the patterns of amino acid substitutions in the past and then to predict possible antigenic changes of the HA molecules in future. In this study, we analyzed the change of HA antigenic structures in the evolutionary process of influenza viruses in the human population, by using structural bioinformatics approach. Based on the results, we predicted possible amino acid substitutions that might be associated with future antigenic change of 2009 H1N1.