Elucidation of establishment of endosymbiosis between Chlorella and Paramecium bursaria

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Paramecium bursaria harbors several hundred symbiotic Chlorella cells. Each alga is enclosed in a peri-algal vacuole (PV) membrane derived from the host digestive vacuole (DV) membrane, which protects the alga from the host lysosomal fusion, and can attach to the host cell cortex. The reinfection of this endosymbiosis occurs through the host phagocytosis. In the present study, we found that (1) algae acquire resistance to the host lysosomal enzymes in the DVs depending on photosynthetic activity before mixing with the hosts, (2) separation of the undigested algae in the DVs by budding of the DV membrane is inhibited by dynasore, (3) The DV membrane enclosing the undigested single green Chlorella cell differentiates into the PV membrane within 15 min after the budding, (4) the PV membrane attaches the host mitochondrial outer membranes localizing beneath the host cell cortex, (5) DV and PV membrane specific monoclonal antibodies could be developed.