Patterns and Individuality in the Development of Grammatical Categories in Germanic Languages

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It is based on the difference in the verbal aspect that development of the perfect form has a difference in Germanic languages. That is, since the English verbs tend to have a perfective aspect, 'be' + past participle also expresses a actional passive, in parallel with it 'have' + past participle can function as a indirect passive. As a result, 'have' + past participle did not develop easily as a perfect form. In the German in which the verbs tend to have a imperfective aspect, 'werden' + past participle developed as the usual passive, and 'sein' + past participle remained the statal passive. Therefore, 'haben' + past participle did not develop as the indirect passive, but as the perfect form.