Nano-structure control of enzyme electrode toward high performance biofuel cell

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Enzymatic biofuel cells convert the chemical energy of fuels like glucose and ethanol into electricity. One important issue to be addressed is their low current density. A high-surface-area three-dimensional enzyme electrode made of redox-polymer-grafted carbon black has a potential to achieve high current density. However, deactivation of enzymes upon adsorption on carbon black should be decreased. Thus, carbon black was doubly modified with redox polymer and methyl-sulfonic acid group that was used not only to make the surface hydrophilic but also for proton conduction in the enzyme electrodes, which is required in the future all solid-type, high-current-density biofuel cells.