Regulation of intestinal immune balance through affectingthe function of intestinal dendritic cells by intake of vitamin A

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We found that MLN-DC of vitamin A-deficient mice induced IL-13-producing inflammatory T cells, and that oral administration of antigen to these mice failed to induce immune tolerance but primed for strong IL-13-dependent IgG1 responses followed by IgE responses. Vitamin A deficiency enhanced TNF-α expression in the proximal colon, and that might further stimulate MLN-DC to induce IL-13-producing T cells. These results suggest that vitamin A plays critical roles in the inhibition of inflammatory or allergic responses to oral antigens partly through modulating the intestinal microenvironment and the nature of MLN-DC.