The transformation of roles of state and market and its effect on the civil society

日本将包括社会福利服务在内的各种被认为由国家提供的服务市场化。已经讨论过，一旦市场化，这些社会服务也像其他经济活动一样被置于竞争法的范围之内。然而，对欧盟相关案例的仔细研究表明，是否适用竞争法（或国家援助）法规取决于服务引入“市场”功能的方式，因此总是需要逐案审查。即使在适用竞争法的情况下，考虑到团结等各种理由，也使判决复杂化。

Japan has marketised various services which has been considered to be supplied by the states, including social welfare services. It has been discussed that, once marketise, those social services are also put within the ambit of competition law just like other economic activity. However, close study on the related EU cases indicates whether competition law (or state aid) regulations are applied is depending on the way the services introduced "market" function, thus case by case scrunity is always required. Even in the case where competition law is applied, consideration of various justification, such as solidarity, makes the judgement complicated.