Development of X-ray Solution Scattering System for Time-resolved

佐藤（M. Sato）将市售的停流混合池修改为适合于时间分辨结构分析的停流混合池，建立了用于溶液x射线散射时间分辨测量的样品池。他还引入了多层反射镜系统作为x射线光学系统，在x射线探测器的位置聚焦入射的x射线。该反射镜系统比目前使用的全反射聚焦反射镜系统具有明显的优越性，并且实现了比全反射聚焦反射镜系统高10倍的入射强度。将x射线光学系统与样品池相结合，建立了一个适合于溶液中蛋白质的时间分辨结构分析的x射线溶液散射系统。Kataoka开发了一套分析蛋白质在溶液中静态结构的方法，包括分析蛋白质在非天然状态下的三级结构的方法，以及分析蛋白质反应的重原子取代法。这些方法已应用于α-乳白蛋白、细菌视紫红质等，对溶液中蛋白质结构的分析非常有效。提出了一种分析溶液中蛋白质时间分辨结构的新算法系统。将该算法系统应用于紫色膜光反应的时间分辨溶液散射数据，发现了光吸收产生的希夫碱去质子中间体反反应的两种不同结构。另一方面，Y. Amemiya开发了两种典型的基于ccd的高灵敏度区域探测器，用于溶液x射线散射的实时（自动化）测量和时间分辨测量；一种是耦合x射线图像增强器以最大限度地提高时间分辨测量的探测量子效率的系统，另一种是耦合锥形光纤以将图像减少到CCD的系统，该系统针对蛋白质晶体学的自动测量进行了优化。开发了用于这些基于ccd的x射线探测器的软件系统，以纠正图像畸变和响应不均匀性。少

M. Sato setup a sample cell for time-resolved measurement of solution X-ray scattering by modifying a stopped flow mixing cell available commercially as that suitable for time-resolved structural analysis. He also introduced a multi-layer mirror system as a X-ray optics to focus on the incident X-rays at the position of an X-ray detector. The mirror system was quite superior to that using a totally reflected focusing mirror system, which was made use of so far, and realized the incident intensity ten times as bright as that using a totally reflected focusing mirror system. The combination of the X-ray optics with the sample cell establishes an X-ray solution scattering system quite suitable for the time-resolved structural analysis of protein in solution.M. Kataoka developed, as a system for the static structure analysis of protein in solution, the method to analyze the tertiary structure of protein at non-native states and also the heavy-atom replacement method to analyze the reaction … More -intermediate structure of protein. These methods were applied to α-lacatalbumin, bacteriorhodopsin and so on, and shown to be very effective to analyze the protein structure in solution. A new algorithm system to analyze the time-resolved structure of protein in solution was also developed. The algorithm system was then applied to the time-resolved solution scattering data of photo-reaction of purple membrane, and found out the two different structures in the reverse reaction from de-protonized intermediate of Schiff base produced by light absorption.On the other hand, Y. Amemiya developed two typical types of high sensitive CCD-based area detector for real time (automated) measurements and time-resolved measurements of solution X-ray scattering; one is the system in which X-ray image intensifiers are coupled to maximize the detective quantum efficiency for time-resolved measurements, and the other is the system in which tapered optical fibers are coupled for the reduction of the image into the CCD, which is optimized for automated measurements for protein crystallography. Software systems for these CCD-based X-ray detectors to correct image distortion and non-uniformity of response were also developed. Less