Heat Transfer Model of Buildings For Heat Island Analysis

在城市气候分析中，建筑物的影响通常被简单地处理。但是，如果城市气候与建筑物的形状和材料之间的关系得到研究，我们可以在建筑和城市规划中考虑它们。为了在城市气候模拟中考虑建筑物的影响，本文主要研究了城市地表组分与天空之间的辐射传热。本研究的主要结果如下：1.首先，从东京都政府提供的GIS数据中提取了建筑物覆盖率、建筑物容积率、街道宽度比、建筑物数量等城市指标，并研究了短/长辐射吸收系数与提取的城市指标之间的关系。通过前面的案例研究证实，建筑物高度不均匀的影响可以忽略不计。根据实验设计进行了大量的案例研究，并利用多元回归分析建立了辐射因子的估算方法。2.由于没有足够的建筑围护结构数据，因此，我们调查了四个500 m × 500 m区域（丸之内、神田、加塞和Todoroki）的建筑围护结构的实际情况。调查项目为窗口面积百分比、颜色、不均匀度和玻璃类型。分析了这些项目与建筑用途和朝向的关系。其中一个结果是，办公建筑的每个围护结构的窗户面积百分比具有平均40%的正态分布，并且不依赖于朝向。3.本文应用西冈松尾的城市气候模式对上述真实的500 m × 500 m区域（丸之内、神田、加塞）的城市冠层进行了模拟。丸之内的最高气温比加塞高1.6 K。

In the urban climate analysis, influences of buildings are usually dealt with very simply. But if the relation between urban climates, and shapes and materials of buildings is investigated, we can take them into consideration in architectural and city planning. In order to incorporate the effects of buildings in the urban climate modeling, we mainly study the radiation heat transfer between urban surface components and the sky. The results of this research are as follows :1. First of all, we extracted urban indices such as building coverage, rate of building volume to lot, ratio of street width and number of buildings from the GIS data provided by the Tokyo metropolitan government, and then we investigated the relation between the short/long radiation absorption factors and the extracted urban indices. It was confirmed by preceding case studies that the influence of unevenness of building heights is negligible. Many case studies were performed according to the design of experiment, and the estimation method of the radiation factors was developed by using multiple regression analysis. 2. There is not enough of the building envelope data, therefore, we investigated the actual conditions of the building envelope in four 500m by 500m areas (Marunouchi, Kanda, Kasai and Todoroki). The investigated items are percentage of window area, color, unevenness and glass type. The relationship of those items with building use and orientation was analyzed. To mention one of the results, the percentage of window area per envelope of office-use building has a normal distribution with 40% average and does not depend on the orientation. 3. The Nishioka-Matsuo's urban climate mnodel was applied to urban canopy simulation in real 500m by 500m areas (Marunouchi, Kanda, Kasai) mentioned above. The maximum temperature in Marunouchi is 1.6K higher than that in Kasai in a typical summer day.