Research into the Structure of Big-size Agricultural Regal Cooperation through the International Comparison

20世纪末，日本除了传统的家庭农场外，还出现了四种新型农业企业。它们都是农业生产法人，第一类是不同类型的公司集团或合作公司，第二类是乡村农业的特殊法人，第三类是农业合作社直接投资和控制的不同类型的公司，第四类是城市、城镇和村庄的农业公共公司。这些企业的特点如下：1.企业的经营模式。就劳动力数量和农场规模而言，它们都是比家庭农场规模更大的企业。它们具有家庭农场的互补和替代功能。他们组织合作和分工，从而一方面实现了高劳动生产率，另一方面实现了农场的可持续性。在劳动力的骚动方面，它们主要具有扩大的家庭农场的特征，这些劳动力被期望扮演工人和管理者的角色。它们一方面普遍具有商业企业的性质，但又受村庄、农业合作社和地方政府的控制。日本农业进入21世纪的重整过程可以描述如下。第一个过程是许多家庭农场的企业化发展，公司站在这个过程的顶峰。二是伴随着家庭农场的互补与替代，这种新型农业生产法人的进取发展。换句话说，这些过程就是社会主义农业实验的再体验过程，其目的在于克服家庭农场在较低生产力水平条件下、在当前和未来较高生产力水平下的生产力极限。

At the close end of 20th century there arise four types of new agricultural enterprises in addition to the traditional family farms in Japan. They all are agricultural production legal persons, whose first type is the group of companies or cooperative corporations of a different sort, the second type special legal person of village farming, the third type company of a different sort under direct investment and control of agricultural cooperative, the fourth type public corporation for agriculture of cities, towns and villages.The characteristics of these enterprises are as follows ;1. They all are relatively bigger enterprises than the family farms as to number of labour forces and scale of farms. They have the functions of complimentarity and substitution of family farms.2. They organize the cooperation and division of labour, and therefore realize the high labour productivity on the one hand, sustainability of farm on the other hand.3. They have mainly a character of enlarged family farm as to the roil of labour forces, which are expected to play the part of labourer and manager.4. They have commonly the character of commercial enterprises on the one hand, but are under the control of villages, agricultural cooperatives and local government.The reorganization process of Japanese agriculture into the 2lst century can be described as follows.First course is enterprising development of many family farms, and the company stands at the summit of this course.Second course is also enterprising development of such new types of agricultural production legal persons accompanying with the complimentarity and substitution of family farms.These courses mean in other words the reexperience process of experiment of socialist agriculture, which has aimed at overcoming the limit of family farm productivity under the conditions of lower productivity level, under the higher productivity level of today and future.