Evolution of Morphological Characters based on genes in Uasculan plants

基于Uasculan植物基因的形态特征的进化

• 批准号: 09440281
• 负责人: HASEBE Mitsuyasu
• 金额: $ 9.34万
• 依托单位: Okazaki National Research Institutes
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1997 至 1998
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09440281/
• 关键词: evolution; morphogenesis; MADS; fern; gymnosperm; flower

A flower is the most complex reproductive organ in land plants and composed of sepals, petals, stamens, and gynoecium (s).Haploid cells, mega and microspores, for syngamy are formed by meiosis in a stamen and a gynoecium.Microspores are enclosed in a multicellular sporangium.Megaspores develop in a nucellus covered with inner and outer integuments.Gymnosperms and ferns have simpler reproductive organs than anigiosperms and lack sepals and sepals.A nucellus of a gymnosperm is covered with only one integument, while sporangiums of ferns have no integuments and are naked on the abaxial side of a leaf.The development of floral organs is mainly regulated by the members of the MADS gene family whose members are transcription factors containing conserved MADS and K domains.MADS genes of angiosperms are divided into more than 10 groups based on thegene tree, while MADS genes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii are classified into 3 groups whose relationships to angiosperm MADS genes are ambiguo … More us with low bootstrap values.Based on the studies of three gymnosperms, Pinus, Ginkgo and Gnetum, almost all groups of angiosperm MADS genes have been differenciated, suggesting that increase of MADS gene number is likely to be related to the evolution of complexed reproductive organs in plants.In angiosperms, some MADS genes are expressed in specific floral organ primordia as homeotic selector genes, while other MADS genes are expressed in both reproductive and vegetative organs.In gymnosperms, reproductive-organ-specific expression of MADS genes have been reported.Like the latter type of angiosperm MADS genes, most of the fern MADS genes are expressed in both the reproductive and vegetative organs.The generally-expressed MADS genes may be more primitive than the reproductive organ-specific MADS genes.If so, it is likely that some of the MADS genes were co-opted as homeotic selector genes of specialized reproductive organs and their expression restricted to specific floral organ primordia, events that occurred after the divergence of ferns and seed plants.The restriction of MADS gene expression may have been caused by the evolution of other genes that regulate the MADS genes.These recent results may indicate that (1) the increase of MADS genes via gene duplication, (2) the restriction of expression of some MADS genes to specific reproductive organs, and (3) the specialization of MADS gene functions as homeotic selector genes in the angiosperm lineage were important in the floral organ evolution of vascular plants. Less

花是陆生植物中最复杂的生殖器官，由萼片、花瓣、雄蕊和雌蕊群组成。雌雄同株的配子体是由雄蕊和雌蕊群减数分裂形成的。小孢子被包在多细胞孢子囊内。大孢子发育在珠心内，珠心被内外珠被覆盖。裸子植物和蕨类植物的生殖器官比被子植物简单，没有萼片，裸子植物的珠心只有一层珠被，而蕨类植物的孢子囊没有珠被，裸露在叶的远轴面上，花器官的发育主要受MADS基因家族成员的调控，MADS基因家族成员是含有保守的MADS和K结构域的转录因子，根据基因树将被子植物的MADS基因分为10多个类群，水蕨MADS基因可分为3类，与被子植物MADS基因的亲缘关系不明确 ...更多信息 通过对松属（Pinus）、银杏属（Ginkgo）和买麻藤属（Gnetum）3种裸子植物的研究，几乎所有被子植物MADS基因组都已分化，表明MADS基因数量的增加可能与植物复杂生殖器官的进化有关，在被子植物中，有些MADS基因作为同源异型选择基因在特定的花器官原基中表达，而其他MADS基因在生殖器官和营养器官中都表达。在裸子植物中，MADS基因的生殖器官特异性表达已经被报道。与后一种类型的被子植物MADS基因一样，大多数蕨类植物MADS基因在生殖器官和营养器官中都有表达。表达的MADS基因可能比生殖器官特异的MADS基因更原始，如果是这样的话，可能一些MADS基因被增选为特化生殖器官的同源异型选择基因，并且它们的表达仅限于特定的花器官原基，MADS基因表达的限制可能是由其他调控MADS基因的基因进化引起的，这些结果可能表明：（1）MADS基因的增加是通过基因复制，（2）MADS基因的表达局限于特定的生殖器官，（3）MADS基因作为同源异型选择基因在被子植物中的功能特化，在维管植物花器官进化中起着重要作用。少

项目成果

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Haseebe,H.et al.: "Characterization of MADS humeotic genes in the feron Ceratopteris richard" Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA. (印刷中).

Haseebe，H. 等人：“角蕨的 MADS 湿润基因的特征”，美国国家科学院院刊。

Hasebe,M.and J.A.Banks: "Evolution and Diversification in Land Plants" Springer-Verlay,Tokyo, 179-197 (1997)

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Hasebe，M. 和 M.Ito：“生物多样性生物学” Springer-Verlay，东京（印刷中），（1999 年）