Origins and Formations of Japanese Peoples from the Perspectives of Morphological and Molecular Anthropology.

该项目旨在验证Hanihara关于现代日本形成的“二元结构模型”，并已深入开展。然而，有一个矛盾的起源土著绳纹（新石器时代）人口。在骨骼形态方面，绳纹人与东南亚人有很强的相似性。然而，对现代亚洲人的基因多样性分析表明，被认为是绳纹人直系后裔的阿伊努人在基因上更接近东北亚人，而不是东南亚人。从骨骼形态上推测，移民弥生（青铜时代）人起源于西伯利亚，他们是从西伯利亚经朝鲜或中国来到日本的。这一假设也得到了来自现代和古代亚洲人DNA的遗传证据的有力支持。但是，这些人在到达日本列岛之前的居住地并不明确。从日本各地发现的骨骼材料的分布情况可以看出，这些移民群体首先到达九州北部和山口，然后向南北方向扩展。他们在弥生早期扩展到日本西部，并在弥生晚期到达东北地区。然而，他们直到史前时期才进入九州周边地区，直到近代早期才进入北海道。这一移民和扩张的过程反映在现代遗传多样性中，许多性状在日本列岛东北部和西南部出现频率下降的现象。总之，本研究的结果完全符合双重结构假说的预测，即在本州和其他主要岛屿，受弥生时代移民强烈影响的人口构成了日本人的主要组成部分。

The aim of the project in order to test Hanihara's 'dual structure model' for the formation of the modem Japanese has carried out intensively. There is, however, a contradiction in the origin of the indigenous Jomon (Neolithic age) population. In terms of skeletal morphology, Jomon people show strong resemblances to Southeast Asians. However, analysis of the genetic diversity of the modem Asians has shown that the Ainu - who are thought to be the direct descendants of the Jomon people - are genetically closer to Northeast Asians than to Southeast Asians.It has been assumed from skeletal morphology that the immigrant Yayoi (Bronze age) people originated in Siberia from where they came to Japan via Korea or China. This assumption is also strongly supported by the genetic evidence from modern and ancient DNA of Asians. It is not clear, however, exactly where these people were living prior to their arrival in the Japanese Islands.From the distribution of the skeletal material found across Japan, it can be seen that the immigrant groups arrived in north Kyushu and Yamaguchi and then expanded north and south. They expanded through western Japan in the Early Yayoi and had reached the Tohoku region by the Late Yayoi phase. However, they did not move into the periphery of the Kyushu until the Proto-historic period and Hokkaido until the Early Modern period. This process of immigration and expansion is reflected in modern genetic diversity, with many traits showing a decline in frequency to the northeast and to the southwest of the Japanese Islands.In conclusion, the results of the project agree completely with the predictions of the dual structure hypothesis that population strongly influenced by the Yayoi-period immigrants form the major component of the Japanese people in Honshu and other main islands.