Origins and Formations of Japanese Peoples from the Perspectives of Morphological and Molecular Anthropology.

该项目的目的是为了检验Hanihara的“二元结构模型”对现代日本的形成进行了深入的研究。然而，当地绳纹（新石器时代）人口的起源存在矛盾。在骨骼形态上，绳纹人与东南亚人有很强的相似性。然而，对现代亚洲人基因多样性的分析表明，阿伊努人——被认为是绳纹人的直系后裔——在基因上更接近东北亚人，而不是东南亚人。从骨骼形态上推断，移民的弥生人（青铜时代）起源于西伯利亚，从那里经朝鲜或中国来到日本。来自现代和古代亚洲人DNA的遗传证据也有力地支持了这一假设。然而，目前尚不清楚这些人在到达日本群岛之前究竟住在哪里。从在日本各地发现的骨骼材料的分布可以看出，移民群体到达九州北部和山口，然后向南北扩张。他们在弥生时代早期扩展到日本西部，并在弥生时代晚期到达东北地区。然而，他们直到原始历史时期才进入九州的周边地区，直到近代早期才进入北海道。这种移民和扩张的过程反映在现代遗传多样性上，在日本群岛的东北部和西南部，许多特征显示出频率的下降。总之，该项目的结果完全符合双重结构假说的预测，即受弥生时期移民的强烈影响的人口构成了本州和其他主要岛屿上日本人口的主要组成部分。

The aim of the project in order to test Hanihara's 'dual structure model' for the formation of the modem Japanese has carried out intensively. There is, however, a contradiction in the origin of the indigenous Jomon (Neolithic age) population. In terms of skeletal morphology, Jomon people show strong resemblances to Southeast Asians. However, analysis of the genetic diversity of the modem Asians has shown that the Ainu - who are thought to be the direct descendants of the Jomon people - are genetically closer to Northeast Asians than to Southeast Asians.It has been assumed from skeletal morphology that the immigrant Yayoi (Bronze age) people originated in Siberia from where they came to Japan via Korea or China. This assumption is also strongly supported by the genetic evidence from modern and ancient DNA of Asians. It is not clear, however, exactly where these people were living prior to their arrival in the Japanese Islands.From the distribution of the skeletal material found across Japan, it can be seen that the immigrant groups arrived in north Kyushu and Yamaguchi and then expanded north and south. They expanded through western Japan in the Early Yayoi and had reached the Tohoku region by the Late Yayoi phase. However, they did not move into the periphery of the Kyushu until the Proto-historic period and Hokkaido until the Early Modern period. This process of immigration and expansion is reflected in modern genetic diversity, with many traits showing a decline in frequency to the northeast and to the southwest of the Japanese Islands.In conclusion, the results of the project agree completely with the predictions of the dual structure hypothesis that population strongly influenced by the Yayoi-period immigrants form the major component of the Japanese people in Honshu and other main islands.