Origins and Formations of Japanese Peoples from the Perspectives of Morphological and Molecular Anthropology.

为了检验羽原的现代日语形成的“双重结构模型”，该项目的目标已经深入开展。然而，在土著绳索(新石器时代)人口的起源方面存在着矛盾。在骨骼形态方面，绳文人与东南亚人有很大的相似之处。然而，对现代亚洲人的基因多样性的分析表明，被认为是柔门族的直系后裔的阿伊努人在基因上与东北亚人比与东南亚人更接近。从骨骼形态上推测，移民的青铜时代的Yayoi人起源于西伯利亚，他们是通过韩国或中国来到日本的。这一假设也得到了来自现代和古代亚洲人DNA的基因证据的有力支持。然而，目前尚不清楚这些人抵达日本岛屿之前的确切居住地点。从日本各地发现的骨骼材料的分布情况可以看出，这些移民群体到达了九州北部和山口，然后向北和南扩展。他们在弥合早期通过日本西部扩张，并在弥合阶段晚期到达东北地区。然而，他们直到史前时期才进入九州的边缘，直到近代早期才进入北海道。这种移民和扩张的过程反映在现代遗传多样性中，许多特征表现出向日本岛屿东北部和西南部频率下降的趋势。综上所述，该项目的结果与双重结构假说的预测完全一致，即在本州和其他主要岛屿上，受弥合时期移民影响强烈的人口构成了日本人的主要组成部分。

The aim of the project in order to test Hanihara's 'dual structure model' for the formation of the modem Japanese has carried out intensively. There is, however, a contradiction in the origin of the indigenous Jomon (Neolithic age) population. In terms of skeletal morphology, Jomon people show strong resemblances to Southeast Asians. However, analysis of the genetic diversity of the modem Asians has shown that the Ainu - who are thought to be the direct descendants of the Jomon people - are genetically closer to Northeast Asians than to Southeast Asians.It has been assumed from skeletal morphology that the immigrant Yayoi (Bronze age) people originated in Siberia from where they came to Japan via Korea or China. This assumption is also strongly supported by the genetic evidence from modern and ancient DNA of Asians. It is not clear, however, exactly where these people were living prior to their arrival in the Japanese Islands.From the distribution of the skeletal material found across Japan, it can be seen that the immigrant groups arrived in north Kyushu and Yamaguchi and then expanded north and south. They expanded through western Japan in the Early Yayoi and had reached the Tohoku region by the Late Yayoi phase. However, they did not move into the periphery of the Kyushu until the Proto-historic period and Hokkaido until the Early Modern period. This process of immigration and expansion is reflected in modern genetic diversity, with many traits showing a decline in frequency to the northeast and to the southwest of the Japanese Islands.In conclusion, the results of the project agree completely with the predictions of the dual structure hypothesis that population strongly influenced by the Yayoi-period immigrants form the major component of the Japanese people in Honshu and other main islands.