Environmental Policies and their Impact on Farms in Europe

本研究的目的是调查西欧农业环境政策的发展及其对农场的影响。研究范围从南欧到北欧，包括意大利、德国、丹麦、挪威和瑞典。在挪威，人口密度和农业用地占土地总面积的比例都很低，农业造成的环境污染没有像其他国家那样受到重视。因此，农业环境政策的重点放在直接支付上，用于维持欠发达地区的农业，而不是管制投入材料的使用。另一方面，在丹麦，农业用地占土地总面积的比例超过60%，为了降低农业污染水平，对氮/磷排放进行了定量和定性限制，而不是征收环境税。政策选择也用经济理论进行了检验。在瑞典，环境保护运动非常强烈，导致了严格的法规。这种情况是双面的。一方面，生产成本变得更高，但另一方面，拥有世界上最清洁的农业的营销效益是巨大的。在德国，农业条例是参照《回收法》来解释的。重点是地下水保护，同时分析了如何将法规从欧盟调整到国家，最后调整到地方一级。在意大利，农家乐住宿被分析为可持续农村发展的战略。研究发现，农场的结构决定了可能的住宿类型。最后，从经济、生态和社会的角度考察了土地使用强度和农业的多功能，从而分析了相对的技术进步和景观的外观。

The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of agri-environmental policies and their influences on farms in Western Europe. Research was conducted from Southern to Northern Europe including Italy, Germany, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In Norway, where population density and the ratio of agricultural land to total land are low, the environmental pollution caused by agriculture is not taken as seriously as in the other countries. Therefore, the emphasis of agri-environmental policies is placed on direct payments, which are used to sustain agriculture in less-favored areas, rather than regulating the use of input materials. On the other hand, in Denmark, where the ratio of agricultural land to total land is over 60%, quantitative and qualitative limits were placed on Nitrogen/Phosphorous discharge, rather than environmental taxes, in order to reduce the level of agricultural pollution. The policy choices were also examined using economic theory. In Sweden the movement for environmental protection is very strong, resulting in strict regulations. This situation is double-sided. On one side production costs become higher, but on the other hand the marketing benefits of having the cleanest agriculture in the world' are significant. In Germany, agricultural regulations were interpreted in reference to the Recycling Law. Focus was placed on ground water protection, while analyzing how regulations should be adapted down from EU, to State and finally to local level. In Italy, farmhouse accommodation was analyzed as a strategy for sustainable rural development. It was found that the structure of the farm determined the type of accommodation possible. Finally, intensity of land usage and multifunction of agriculture were examined from an economical, ecological and a social point of view, resulting in an analysis of the relative technical progress and appearance of the landscape.