Variations and cycles of greenhouse gases in the Arctic

为了阐明北极地区大气中温室气体和气溶胶的变化，1998年7月和1998年12月至1999年3月在斯瓦尔巴群岛进行了全面的测量。这些测量提供了关于北极地区CO2、CH4、N2O和O3的变化和分布的宝贵信息。这些测量还揭示了从冬季到春季大气气溶胶的特征特征。为了更好地了解北极大气成分的三维分布，我们在1998年3月6日至14日期间，使用一架配备CO2和O3连续测量系统、空气采样器、气溶胶计数器、气溶胶采样器等的包机进行了测量。飞机的测量主要是在北极海上空约12公里高度的过境飞行轨道上进行的。在斯匹茨卑尔根群岛和阿拉斯加的巴罗岛也进行了测量，以观察从表面到12公里的相关成分的垂直剖面。结果表明：(1)CO2和O3浓度在对流层顶附近发生突变，表明垂直空气交换受到抑制；(2)平流层CH4和N2O浓度之间存在明显的正相关关系，这与1997年2月和3月在瑞典平流层获得的结果非常相似；(3)COS垂直剖面的测量结果表明，COS是平流层气溶胶硫的供应者。(4)北极雾霾有时到达对流层上层，呈现多层状；(5)通过对直接采集的气溶胶进行分析，硫酸盐颗粒和海盐颗粒主要分布在平流层，自由大气和混合层顶部以下。

In order to elucidate variations of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere in the Arctic, their comprehensive measurements were carried out at Svalbard in July 1998 and December 1998-March 1999. These measurements provided valuable information about variations and distributions of CO2, CH4, N2O and O3 in the Arctic. These measurements also revealed characteristic features of atmospheric aerosols from winter to spring.For a better understanding of a 3-dimensional distribution of atmospheric constituents in the Arctic, we made measurements during the period March 6-14, 1998, using a chartered jet aireraft equipped with continuous measurement systems of CO2 and O3, air sampler, aerosol counter, aerosol sampler and others. The aircraft measurements were conducted mainly on transit flight moots of approximately 12 km height over the Arctic Sea. The measurements were also made over Spitzbergen Islands and Pt.Barrow, Alaska, to observed vertical profiles of relevant components from the surface to 12 km. The results showed (1) that the CO2 and O3 concentrations were changed abruptly near the tropopause, suggesting that the vertical air exchange is suppressed, (2) that a positive correlation was clearly seen between the CH4 and N2O concentrations in the stratosphere, which is quite similar to the results obtained in the stratosphere over Sweden in February and March 1997, (3) that the measured vertical profiles of COS suggested that COS is a supplier of sulfur for stratospheric aerosols, (4) that the Arctic haze was sometimes observed to reach the upper troposphere, showing multi-layers, and (5) that by analyzing aerosols collected directly, sulfate particles and sea salt particles were mainly found in the stratosphere and the free atmosphere and below the top of the mixed layer, respectively.