Variations and cycles of greenhouse gases in the Arctic

为了阐明北极大气中温室气体和气溶胶的变化，1998年7月和1998年12月至1999年3月在斯瓦尔巴特群岛进行了全面测量。这些测量为北极地区二氧化碳、甲烷、N2O和臭氧的变化和分布提供了有价值的信息。这些测量还揭示了冬季到春季大气气溶胶的特征。为了更好地了解北极大气组分的三维分布，我们在1998年3月6日至14日期间进行了测量，使用的是配备了二氧化碳和臭氧连续测量系统、空气采样器、气溶胶计数器、气溶胶采样器等的包机。飞机测量主要在北冰洋上空大约12公里高度的过境飞行模拟上进行。这些测量也在斯皮茨卑尔根群岛和阿拉斯加州的巴罗进行，以观察从表面到12公里的相关组件的垂直剖面。结果表明：(1)CO_2和O_3浓度在对流层顶附近发生突变，表明垂直空气交换被抑制；(2)平流层CH4和N2O浓度之间有明显的正相关，这与1997年2月和3月在瑞典平流层得到的结果非常相似；(3)测量的COS垂直廓线表明，COS是平流层气溶胶的硫供应者；(4)北极霾有时会到达对流层上层，表现出多层；(5)通过直接分析收集到的气溶胶，硫酸盐颗粒主要分布在平流层和自由大气中，海盐颗粒主要分布在混合层顶部以下。

In order to elucidate variations of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere in the Arctic, their comprehensive measurements were carried out at Svalbard in July 1998 and December 1998-March 1999. These measurements provided valuable information about variations and distributions of CO2, CH4, N2O and O3 in the Arctic. These measurements also revealed characteristic features of atmospheric aerosols from winter to spring.For a better understanding of a 3-dimensional distribution of atmospheric constituents in the Arctic, we made measurements during the period March 6-14, 1998, using a chartered jet aireraft equipped with continuous measurement systems of CO2 and O3, air sampler, aerosol counter, aerosol sampler and others. The aircraft measurements were conducted mainly on transit flight moots of approximately 12 km height over the Arctic Sea. The measurements were also made over Spitzbergen Islands and Pt.Barrow, Alaska, to observed vertical profiles of relevant components from the surface to 12 km. The results showed (1) that the CO2 and O3 concentrations were changed abruptly near the tropopause, suggesting that the vertical air exchange is suppressed, (2) that a positive correlation was clearly seen between the CH4 and N2O concentrations in the stratosphere, which is quite similar to the results obtained in the stratosphere over Sweden in February and March 1997, (3) that the measured vertical profiles of COS suggested that COS is a supplier of sulfur for stratospheric aerosols, (4) that the Arctic haze was sometimes observed to reach the upper troposphere, showing multi-layers, and (5) that by analyzing aerosols collected directly, sulfate particles and sea salt particles were mainly found in the stratosphere and the free atmosphere and below the top of the mixed layer, respectively.