Variations and cycles of greenhouse gases in the Arctic

为了阐明北极大气中温室气体和悬浮微粒的变化，1998年7月和1998年12月至1999年3月在斯瓦尔巴特群岛进行了全面测量。这些测量结果提供了有关北极地区CO2、CH 4、N2 O和O3变化和分布的有价值的信息。为了更好地了解北极地区大气气溶胶的三维分布，我们于1998年3月6日至14日在北极地区进行了观测，观测设备包括CO2和O3连续测量系统、空气采样器、气溶胶计数器、气溶胶采样器等。飞机测量主要是在北冰洋上空约12公里高度的过境飞行模拟试验上进行的。还在斯匹茨卑尔根群岛和阿拉斯加的巴罗角进行了测量，以观测从地面到12公里的有关组成部分的垂直剖面。结果表明：（1）对流层顶附近CO_2和O_3浓度的突变，表明大气垂直交换受到抑制;（2）平流层CH_4和N_2O浓度之间存在明显的正相关关系，这与1997年2月和3月在瑞典平流层观测的结果十分相似;（3）COS的垂直廓线表明COS是平流层气溶胶的硫供应者，（4）有时观察到北极霾到达对流层上部，显示多层，（5）通过分析直接收集的气溶胶，硫酸盐颗粒和海盐颗粒分别主要分布在平流层和自由大气以及混合层顶部以下。

In order to elucidate variations of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere in the Arctic, their comprehensive measurements were carried out at Svalbard in July 1998 and December 1998-March 1999. These measurements provided valuable information about variations and distributions of CO2, CH4, N2O and O3 in the Arctic. These measurements also revealed characteristic features of atmospheric aerosols from winter to spring.For a better understanding of a 3-dimensional distribution of atmospheric constituents in the Arctic, we made measurements during the period March 6-14, 1998, using a chartered jet aireraft equipped with continuous measurement systems of CO2 and O3, air sampler, aerosol counter, aerosol sampler and others. The aircraft measurements were conducted mainly on transit flight moots of approximately 12 km height over the Arctic Sea. The measurements were also made over Spitzbergen Islands and Pt.Barrow, Alaska, to observed vertical profiles of relevant components from the surface to 12 km. The results showed (1) that the CO2 and O3 concentrations were changed abruptly near the tropopause, suggesting that the vertical air exchange is suppressed, (2) that a positive correlation was clearly seen between the CH4 and N2O concentrations in the stratosphere, which is quite similar to the results obtained in the stratosphere over Sweden in February and March 1997, (3) that the measured vertical profiles of COS suggested that COS is a supplier of sulfur for stratospheric aerosols, (4) that the Arctic haze was sometimes observed to reach the upper troposphere, showing multi-layers, and (5) that by analyzing aerosols collected directly, sulfate particles and sea salt particles were mainly found in the stratosphere and the free atmosphere and below the top of the mixed layer, respectively.