The Transformation of the "Nation-State" System in South Asia

这项为期三年的计划取得的成果如下：1.由于英属印度的分裂，南亚“民族国家”的建立受阻。尤其不利的是巴基斯坦人。印度旨在建立强大的中央集权国家机构，这在很大程度上要归功于英国的传统，但面对来自全国各地的强烈抗议运动，印度被迫给予各州和地方机构更多自治权。尼赫鲁试图建立一个现代公民国家，但这疏远了大量民众。20世纪80年代印度教民族主义的出现是对尼赫鲁民族主义的反应。然而，即使是印度教民族主义也逐渐被泛印度民族主义所取代。为此目的，人民党政府充分利用了核试验和卡吉尔危机。因此，在印度，国家建设方向和国家建设方向之间的差距正在扩大。巴基斯坦的伊斯兰化主要是由两个因素造成的：巴基斯坦“民族国家”的矛盾和历届政府的糟糕表现。经济自由化政策以及媒体和IT产业的发展，加速了货物、信息和人员的流动，对“民族国家”产生了相当大的影响。然而，这些力量并不一定会导致全球化，但这种抵制表现为强烈的民族主义。印巴之间的冲突主要源于各自“民族国家”之间的矛盾。核试验和克什米尔冲突是矛盾的一些结果。20世纪90年代末，这两个兄弟国家的对峙面貌也影响了我们的研究。区域合作、主权共享以及国家关系和国家关系的差异，在未来还有待充分讨论。

The achievements of the three-year project are as follows :1. The building of the "nation-states" in South Asia was handicapped by the partition of the British India. Especially disadvantageous was Pakistan.2. India aimed at building strong centralised state institutions owing in large part to the British heritage, but has been forced to give more autonomy to the states and local bodies, faced with strong protest movements from various parts of the country.3. Nehru tried to build a modern civic nation, which alienated large masses. The emergence of Hindu nationalism in the 1980s was a reaction to the Nehruvian nationalism. However, even Hindu nationalism has been gradually being replaced by pan-India nationalism. The BJP government has fully utilized the nuclear tests and the Kargil crisis for that purpose. Thus, the gap between the directions of state-building and of nation-building is widening in India.4. The Islamization of Pakistan has been brought about by two main factors : a contradiction of the "nation-states" of Pakistan and the poor performance of the successive governments.5. The economic liberalization policy and the development of media and IT industries have accelerated flows of goods, information and people, which have had a considerable impact on the "nation-states." However, these forces do not necessarily lead to globalisation, but the resistance manifests itself as strong nationalism.6. The conflict between India and Pakistan stems mainly from contradictions of respective "nation-states." Nuclear tests and the Kashmir conflict are some results of the contradictions. The late 1990s witnessed confrontationist aspects of the two brother countries, which also affected our research. Regional cooperation, shared sovereignty and the difference between the relations of states and that of nations are yet to be fully discussed in the future.