Transnational Migration in Insular Southeast Asia : An Anthropological Study

这项研究的目的是从人类学的角度，通过观察东南亚岛国，特别是马来西亚沙巴的人口流动，来考察文化、社会和国家之间的动态关系。研究主题包括卡达赞特等沙巴州本土群体，布吉斯和巴焦岛等流动性强的群体，英国北婆罗洲公司时期的移民工人，移民到北婆罗洲的历史，以及现在沙巴州的发展规划。主要发现如下：(1)殖民时代来自中国和爪哇的移民受到殖民政府的精心控制。(2)来自印度尼西亚的布吉人利用他们作为穆斯林的身份在沙巴建立他们的足迹。(3)巴乔人利用他们在马来西亚和菲律宾的覆盖范围，倾向于强调他们的沙巴原籍，以支持更高的生活水平。(4)随着沙巴政治气候的变化，沙巴原住民群体一再重新定义自己的身份。(5)目前沙巴经济所依赖的生态旅游，显示了沙巴的缩影，由于它呈现了来自不同国家的雇员和访客的混合。这些点显示了人在几个世纪中不断流动的性质，以及国家制度建立中的民族结晶。它们也显示了人们对当前国家制度的依恋和疏离。

The aim of this research is to examine, from anthropological point of view, dynamic relationship between culture, society and state by observing the human flow in Insular Southeast Asia, with special focus on Sabah, Malaysia. The research topics include the autochthonous groups of Sabah such as Kadazant, highly mobile groups such as Bugis and Bajau, migrant workers in the time of British North Borneo Company, the history of emigration to North Borneo, and the development plans in the present-day Sabah. The main findings are as follows :(1) migrants from China and Java in the colonial time were carefully controlled by the colonial governments.(2) Bugis, from Indonesia, take advantage of their status as Moslems in establishing their footsteps in Sabah.(3) Bajau, utilizing their area coverage in Malaysia and the Philippines, tend to stress their Sabah origin in favor of higher standard of living.(4) the autochthonous groups of Sabah have repeatedly re-define their identity as the political climate in Sabah changed.(5) eco-tourism on which the present Sabah economy depends, shows an epitome of Sabah, as it presents mixture of employees and visitors from different countries.These points show the continuous nature of human flow through centuries and the crystallization of "ethnic groups" in the establishment of state system. They also show good examples of people's attachment to and detachment from the current state system.