SOCIASL ANTHROPOLOGY OF LOCAL POLITICS AND POLITICAL CULTURE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA.

本研究主要关注当代民族国家与民族政治文化之间的相互关系。政治文化是指与权力行使有关的制度、价值、话语、行为和信仰体系的总体体系。在最广泛的意义上，权力是指一个人或一个社会单位通过控制另一个人或社会单位所处环境中的能量形式来影响另一个人的行为和决策的能力。在这项联合研究中，我们对每个地区的社会人类学田野调查当地的政治和政治文化进行了研究。Goda研究了菲律宾吕宋岛北部邦托克人的政治文化和话语，重点研究了邦托克人的和平协定制度和习惯法，以及适应碧瑶市城市生活的策略。长崎在菲律宾吕宋岛北部的伊洛科斯研究伊洛卡诺的地方政治。他主要关心的是海外移民和FI…镇的改造在伊洛卡诺镇举行更多的ESTA庆祝活动。玉木研究菲律宾吕宋岛中部的Aeta人或黑人的适应策略。他们原本是狩猎者和采集者，但由于现代化和经济发展的影响，他们发现自己生活在现代城市的中心。为了应用他们传统的日常生活技术，他们试图通过出售当地药品来适应城市生活。玉木研究这些人的生活和生存战略。巴博萨讨论菲律宾莱特岛北部瓦雷的当地政治。瓦雷的主要经济来源是海上捕鱼。巴博萨重点讲述了他们的捕鱼习俗及其与外部世界的关系。他分析了当地通过地方自卫组织来管理自己的渔场的制度，他主要关注的是台湾沿海阿美族地方政治制度的历史变迁。他收集了阿美族的母系血缘结构、村长制度、日本殖民统治下的地方行政制度和当代政府制度三种政治制度的资料。他展示了他们在适应国家政策对地方政治的强烈影响方面的极大灵活性，并试图展示村长的权威如何在他们的文化中复兴。他认为，台湾的族群认同至少有两种主要类型，即强制认同和自我认同。自我认同是基于语言、文化或种族起源的相似性而形成的民族认同。另一方面，日本殖民政府对“岛民”或汉人和“内地人”或大陆移民中国进行了明显的区分。为了研究族群认同，他从当地政治的角度仔细分析了客家人的草根运动。远藤考察了adat或习惯法在马来西亚Negeri Sembilan地方历史中的意义。他把研究的重点放在内盖里塞比兰的公共水稻田开发项目上，认为ADAT不是稳定的规则，而是适应开发项目的灵活规则。来考虑adat中意义的转换。远藤追溯了现代化和经济发展政策对他们的稻田和传统稻田的影响。Shamsul研究马来西亚Negeri Sembilan的马来人和华裔之间的种族关系。他研究民族认同的形成过程和他们之间的种族隔离。石井研究北沙捞越的卡达扬人。马来西亚。Kadayan是湿稻种植者，他们赖以生存的经济是他们民族认同的中心。然而，由于现金收入的需要，他们开始上升，现金下降，并开始放弃他们的传统生活方式。相反，他们维护族群认同的社会运动似乎是通过重新评价他们的传统仪式或“马坎卡芬”来激活的。他研究了马坎卡芬的仪式过程及其与族群认同形成的关系。伊藤的研究重点是印度尼西亚的土地争端和地方政治。他在南斯拉维西岛的莱莱岛进行了土地纠纷的田野调查。莱莱岛是印尼政府延长旅游开发项目的地方。为了将该岛开发为热带度假胜地，当地政府试图将当地居民从他们原来的村庄疏散出来，这一项目遭到了强烈反对。他研究了土地纠纷的过程，并试图分析开发项目和地方政治问题。较少

The main concerns of the present study are the mutual relationships between contemporary nation-states and ethnic political cultures. Political culture means the total system of institutions, values, discourses, behaviors, and belief systems concerning the exercise of power. In the broadest sense of the term, power means the ability to a person or social unit to influence the conduct and decision-making of another through the control over energetic forms in the latter's environment.In this joint study, we have engaged the social anthropological fieldwork in each region on the local politics and political culture. Goda studies the political culture and discourse of the Bontok in Northern Luzon, Philippines focusing on the Bontok's peace-pact institution and customary law, adaptation strategies to the urban life in Baguio City. Nagasaka studies local politics of Ilokano in Ilocos Norte, Northen Luzon, Philippines. His main concerns are overseas migration and transformation of the town fi … More esta celebration in Ilokano town.Tamaki studies the adaptation strategy of Aeta people or negrito in central Luzon, Philippines. They are originally hunters and gatherers but because of the influences of modernization and economic development, they find themselves living in the center of modern city. To apply their traditional technology of daily life, they tried to adopt the city life by selling local medicines as benders. Tamaki studies these people's life and subsistence strategy.Barbosa discusses the local politics of Waray in Northern Leyte, Philippines. The Waray's main subsistence economy is sea fishing. Barbosa focuses on their customary system of fishing and its relation to the outer world. He analyses the local system to police their own fishing grounds through a local self-defense organization.Mabuchi's main concern is the historical transition of local political systems of coastal Ami in Taiwan. He gathered the data on the three political systems, i.e., matrilineal kinship structure of Ami, village headman system, the local administration system under the Japanese colonization and contemporary government system. He shows their great flexiblity in adapting to the strong influences of national policies to the local politics and tries to show how the authority of the village chief revived in their culture.Horie discusses ethnic consciousness and formation of ethnic identity in Taiwan. He posits that there are at least two main types of ethnic identity in Taiwan, i.e., imposed identity and self-identity. Self-identity is the ethnic identity based upon similarity of language, culture, or ethnic origin. On the other hand, the Japanese colonial government imposed a sharp distinction between the "islanders" or Han-people and "interiors" or immigrants from the Mainland China. To study the ethnic identity, he carefully analyzed the grassroots movement of Hakka people in terms of the local politics.Endo examines the meanings of adat or customary law in the local history of Negeri Sembilan of Malaysia. He focused his study on the development project of communal rice fields in Negeri Sebilan and shows that the adat is not the stable rule but is the flexible rule to adapt the development project. To consider the transition of meaning in adat. Endo traces the influence of modernization and economic development policy upon their rice fields and customary rice paddy land.Shamsul studies on the inter-ethnic relation of Malay people and ethnic Chinese in Negeri Sembilan of Malaysia. He studies the formation process of ethnic identities and ethnic segregation between them.Ishii studies on the Kadayan in North Sarawak. Malaysia. Kadayan is the wet-rice cultivators and their subsistence economy is the center of their ethnic identity. However, because of the needs of cash income, they started to rise cash drops and began to abandon their traditional way of living. On the contrary, their social movement to maintain the ethnic identity seems to be activated through the re-evaluation of their traditional ritual or "makan kafun." He studies the ritual process of "makan kafun" and its relation to the formation of ethnic identity.Ito's study is focused on the land dispute and local politics in Indonesia. He carried out the fieldwork on the land disputes of Laelae Island, South Slawesi. Laelae Island is the place where Indonesia government extended the development project for tourism. To develop the island as a tropical resort, local government tried to evacuate the native people from their original village and there was a strong opposition to this project. He studies the process of land dispute and tries to analyze the problems of development project and local politics. Less