Occupational Exposure and Health Risk from Dairy Microbiome and Resistome to Dairy Farm Workers

项目摘要 在过去的四十年里，生物和化学改性剂增加了美国的农业产量。 大多数美国乳制品生产商对奶牛施用亚治疗预防剂量的抗菌剂， 促进动物生长和预防社区传染病。这种抗菌药物的使用有可能 奶牛中的可传播的耐药性细菌可以通过职业性传播给奶农， exposure.我们建议定义和比较鼻微生物组，肠道微生物组和抗菌药物 奶牛工人及其奶牛的抗性基因，以调查对奶牛的潜在有害或有益影响。 农民我们建议的理由是，奶牛场工人职业暴露于抗菌剂 耐药基因和通过奶牛传播的耐药细菌是未知的。我们的提议是 动机是了解奶牛场暴露对奶牛场主的潜在有害或有益影响。 在强有力的初步数据的指导下，本提案追求四个目标。在目标一，我们将描述鼻 和奶牛，奶农和办公室工作人员的肠道微生物组，测试乳制品 农民和奶牛有一个共同的微生物组组成，不同于办公室工作人员的微生物组 混合物.在第二个目标中，我们将定量评估微生物群落的时间变化， 因素和奶牛和奶农之间的阻力，并开发计算模型，以确定 与季节性流感和胃肠道症状相关的风险因素，检验假设， 奶牛和奶农的鼻和粪便群落将共享抗性基因和毒力因子。 在目标三中，我们将了解和预测抗生素耐药性的时间传播动力学 奶牛和奶农之间的基因，测试抗生素耐药性基因存在的假设， 在奶牛中的作用将反映在他们所接触的奶农中。在目标四中，我们将理解 奶农对奶牛和奶农共有微生物组的概念和行为， 检验奶农对职业危害的不完全了解这一假设， 这些风险可能来自于对抗生素具有耐药性的微生物，但愿意了解这些风险并采取措施减轻这些风险。 我们的建议是创新的，它涉及一个跨学科的研究人员团队，专注于国家的- 艺术工具对未充分研究的公共卫生问题的奶牛奶农抗菌药物耐药性 生物传播我们的建议意义重大，因为它将1）提高我们对共享与 奶牛、奶农和办公室工作人员之间微生物组和耐药组的独特组成部分，2） 提高我们对乳制品行业当前使用实践对AMR传播及其 对农场工人的潜在风险。我们的建议是有影响力的，因为它将提供具体的途径， 向奶农传达风险缓解策略，以减少抗生素耐药性的传播 它将为其他农业牲畜-工人组合提供一个通用模板。

PROJECT SUMMARY Over the last four decades, biological and chemical modifiers have increased agricultural production in the US. Most US dairy producers administer sub-therapeutic, prophylactic doses of antimicrobials to their cows to enhance animal growth and prevent communal infectious diseases. This antimicrobial use risks the emergence of transmissible antibiotic-resistant bacteria in cows that can spread to dairy farmers via occupational exposure. We propose to define and compare the nasal microbiomes, gut microbiomes, and antimicrobial resistance genes of dairy workers and their cows to investigate potential harmful or beneficial effects on dairy farmers. Our proposal’s rationale is that occupational exposure of dairy farm workers to antimicrobial resistance genes and transmissible resistant bacteria via dairy cows is unknown. Our proposal’s central motivation is to understand the potential harmful or beneficial effects of dairy farm exposure on dairy farmers. Guided by strong preliminary data, this proposal pursues four aims. In aim one, we will characterize the nasal and gut microbiomes of dairy cows, dairy farmers, and office workers, testing the hypothesis that dairy farmers and dairy cows have a shared microbiome composition that differs from office workers’ microbiome composition. In aim two, we will quantitatively assess temporal changes in microbial communities, virulence factors, and resistomes between dairy cows and dairy farmers and develop computational models to identify risk factors associated with seasonal influenza and gastrointestinal symptoms, testing the hypothesis that nasal and fecal communities of dairy cows and dairy farmers will share resistance genes and virulence factors. In aim three, we will understand and predict the temporal transmission dynamics of antimicrobial resistance genes between dairy cows and dairy farmers, testing the hypothesis that antibiotic resistance genes present in dairy cows will be reflected in dairy farmers they are in contact with. In aim four we will understand the conception and behaviors of dairy farmers regarding the shared dairy cow and dairy farmer microbiome, testing the hypothesis that dairy farmers have incomplete knowledge of the occupational hazard posed by antimicrobial resistant organisms, but are willing to learn about these risks and take steps to mitigate them. Our proposal is innovative with its involvement of a cross-disciplinary team of researchers to focus state-of-the- art tools on the understudied public health problem of dairy cow to dairy farmer antimicrobial resistant organism transmission. Our proposal is significant because it will 1) improve our understanding of shared vs unique components of microbiome and resistome between dairy cows, dairy farmers and office workers, 2) enhance our knowledge on the impact of current use practices in dairy industry on AMR transmission and its potential risk to farm workers. Our proposal is impactful because it will provide specific avenues for communication of risk mitigation strategies to dairy farmers to reduce transmission of antibiotic resistant organisms and it will provide a general template for other agricultural livestock-worker combinations.