Function of glutamate delta-1 receptor

由谷氨酸盐δ 1（GluD 1）和谷氨酸盐δ 2（GluD 2）组成的离子型谷氨酸盐受体的δ家族是不寻常的，因为它们不表现出典型的配体门控离子电流。相反，它们通过形成跨突触GluD-Cerebellin 1（Cbln 1）-Neurexin复合物并诱导突触形成而具有突触发生特性。此外，GluD受体具有C-末端相互作用，其可以稳定突触后密度机制并有助于突触可塑性。虽然GluD 2亚单位在小脑中平行纤维-浦肯野细胞突触的形成和可塑性中的功能已经得到了很好的证实，但是在前脑中富集的GluD 1的作用仍然很大程度上未知。GluD 1在纹状体中富集，纹状体接收来自皮质和丘脑的强兴奋性输入。我们的初步研究结果表明，在纹状体中棘神经元的兴奋性神经传递中的GluD 1的关键作用。我们的目标是解决潜在的细胞类型和突触的选择性，在这种影响后，损失的GluD 1，这将支持其作为一个突触组织者的作用。我们将追求以下具体目标：（i）确定GluD 1在纹状体中的定位和GluD 1丢失对突触结构的影响。我们将使用一系列互补的电子显微镜，免疫组织化学和生物化学方法来分析纹状体中GluD 1的分布和GluD 1损失对纹状体突触和突触组件的潜在重组的影响。(ii)确定GluD 1在突触神经传递和可塑性中的作用。我们将使用传统的电生理学和离体光遗传学来刺激特定的突触，以解决GluD 1潜在的突触特异性作用。(iii)确定纹状体GluD 1在认知和行为控制中的作用。我们将讨论纹状体GluD 1丢失后突触功能变化对纹状体回路调控的情感、认知和运动行为的影响。这些研究将与DREADD技术进行补充，以操纵特定的纹状体通路。总之，拟议的研究将系统地解决纹状体中GluD 1的突触组织原理，并解决其在神经精神和神经系统疾病相关的突触和行为表型中的作用。

The delta family of ionotropic glutamate receptors consisting of glutamate delta 1 (GluD1) and glutamate delta 2 (GluD2) are unusual since they do not exhibit typical ligand-gated ionic currents. Instead, they are endowed with synaptogenic property by forming a trans-synaptic GluD-Cerebellin1 (Cbln1)-Neurexin complex and inducing synapse formation. In addition, the GluD receptors have C-terminal interactions which may stabilize postsynaptic density machinery and contribute to synaptic plasticity. Although the function of GluD2 subunit in the formation and plasticity of parallel fiber- Purkinje cell synapse in the cerebellum is well established the role of GluD1 enriched in the forebrain remains largely unknown. GluD1 is enriched in the striatum which receives strong excitatory inputs from the cortex and thalamus. Our preliminary results demonstrate a critical role of GluD1 in excitatory neurotransmission in medium spiny neurons in the striatum. Our goal is to address potential cell-type and synapse-selectivity in this effect upon loss of GluD1 which will support its role as a synaptic organizer. We will pursue the following specific aims; (i) Determine the localization of GluD1 in the striatum and the effect of GluD1 loss on synaptic structure. We will use a range of complementary electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and biochemistry methods to analyze distribution of GluD1 in the striatum and impact of GluD1 loss on striatal synapses and potential reorganization of synaptic components. (ii) Determine the role of GluD1 in synaptic neurotransmission and plasticity. We will use conventional electrophysiology together with ex vivo optogenetics to stimulate specific synapses to address potential synapse-specific roles of GluD1. (iii) Determine the role of striatal GluD1 in cognitive and behavioral control. We will address the impact of changes in synaptic function upon loss of striatal GluD1 on emotional, cognitive and motor behaviors that are regulated by striatal circuits. These studies will be complemented with DREADD technique to manipulate specific striatal pathways. Together, the proposed studies will systematically address the synaptic organizational principle of GluD1 in the striatum and address its role in synaptic and behavioral phenotypes relevant to neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders.