Neurobehavioral Plasticity to Regular Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake; An fMRI Experiment

摘要 拟议的项目解决了在理解疾病的强度、特异性和持久性方面的严重差距。 反复食用品牌糖初期的神经行为适应 加糖饮料(SSB)有一半的美国人在任何一天都会消费SSB。正常的SSB摄入量是 被认为是能量摄入过多、体重增加和肥胖的一个促成因素2-4，影响70% 美国人5.糖的摄入会导致糖的释放，这是导致反复摄入糖类的一个因素 纹状体中的多巴胺(DA)和阿片类物质6，提供阳性强化。因此，基于多个大脑的 食物奖励驱动的肥胖模型已经被提出，主要集中在纹状体和执行部分。 这些基于大脑的肥胖模型阐明了过度消费的危险因素。 然而，支持这些相互竞争的模型的数据在很大程度上依赖于小范围的观察性研究 样本。重要的是，我们实验室和其他实验室之前的报告直接表明，饮食行为模式是一种 对食物刺激的异常神经行为反应起重要作用。然而，如果没有实验， 证据表明，我们对神经行为适应的了解存在着根本的空白， 一个人在体重改变之前就开始有规律地食用SSB。正如观察数据所表明的那样，它是 检查可能加剧或防止适应的个体差异因素也至关重要 与常规的SSB摄入量有关，以及这些适应是否具有特异性。因此，我们完成了一项 一项小型随机对照试验，分配了21天内SSB的日摄入量。支持的结果 有规律地摄入SSB会导致特定的神经、行为和知觉适应的假说 可能会增加习惯性消费的风险。为了确认和扩大这些初步数据，我们将随机 指定230名年轻人(18-28岁，体重指数18-34)饮用品牌版本的调味型SSB或 连续3周每天饮用不加糖的调味饮料。目标1将研究特定的神经行为效应 与无糖、有风味的对照饮料/标识相比，重复摄入新的SSB和标识， 允许直接测试常规高糖饮料摄入量的影响。Aim 2将测试 先前与肥胖有关的个体差异因素(例如，超重、SSB消费、遗传 DA功能受损的倾向，巴甫洛夫式学习)调节神经行为反应 作为每日SSB摄入量的函数的模式。这将使我们能够确定加剧和/或保护因素 当一个人开始定期食用SSB时，神经行为适应。目标3将检查小组-和 停止每日SSB摄入所导致的灭绝效应的个体水平差异，这将允许 更好地理解一旦饮料被移除后适应的持久性。总而言之，这些 AIMS提供了对定期接受品牌SSB的适应情况的可靠检查，承诺 有意义地促进对糖摄入量维持和增加的理解。

SUMMARY The proposed project address critical gaps in the understanding of the strength, specificity and persistence of neurobehavioral adaptions that occur in the initial period of repeated consumption of a branded sugar sweetened beverage (SSB). Half of Americans consume SSBs on any given day1. Regular SSB intake is considered a contributing factor to excess energy intake, weight gain, and obesity2–4, which impacts 70% of Americans5. A contributing factor to repeated SSB consumption is sugar intake causes to the release of dopamine (DA) and opioids in the striatum6, providing positive reinforcement. As such, multiple brain-based models of food reward-driven obesity have been proposed, largely focusing on the striatum and executive functioning7–14. These brain-based models of obesity have elucidated risk factors for overconsumption of high- sugar foods; however, data supporting these competing models rely heavily on observational studies in small samples. Importantly, previous reports from our lab and others directly implicate eating behavior patterns as a vital contributor to aberrant neurobehavioral responses to food stimuli. However, without experimental evidence, there are fundamental gaps in our knowledge about the neurobehavioral adaptations that occur as an individual begins to regularly consume a SSB prior to weight change. As observational data suggest, it is also crucial to examine individual difference factors that may exacerbate or protect against adaptations associated with regular SSB intake, as well as whether these adaptions are specific. As such, we completed a small, randomized controlled trial that assigned daily consumption of SSBs over 21 days. Results supported the hypothesis that regular SSB intake results in specified neural, behavioral, and perceptual adaptions that may increase risk for habitual consumption. To confirm and expand these preliminary data, we will randomly assign 230 young adults (18-28 years old, BMI 18-34) to consume branded versions of either flavored SSBs or unsweetened, flavored beverages daily for 3 weeks. Aim 1 will investigate specific neurobehavioral effects of repeated intake of novel SSB and logo exposure relative to unsweetened, flavored control beverages/logos, allowing for the direct test of the impact of regular high sugar beverage intake. Aim 2 will test whether individual difference factors previously implicated in obesity (e.g., overweight, SSB consumption, genetic predisposition for compromised DA functioning, Pavlovian learning) moderate the neurobehavioral response patterns as a function of daily SSB intake. This will allow us to identify exacerbating and/or protective factors of neurobehavioral adaptions as an individual begins to regularly consume a SSB. Aim 3 will examine group- and individual-level differences in extinction effects resulting from cessation of daily SSB intake, which will allow for a greater understanding of the persistence of adaptations once the beverage is removed. Collectively, these aims provide a robust examination of adaptations to regular intake of a branded SSB that promise to meaningfully advance the understanding of the maintenance and escalation of sugar intake.