Neurobehavioral Plasticity to Regular Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake; An fMRI Experiment

总结 拟议的项目旨在解决在理解全球化的力量、具体性和持久性方面存在的重大差距， 在重复食用品牌糖的最初阶段发生的神经行为适应 甜味饮料（SSB）一半的美国人在任何一天都消费SSB。常规SSB摄入量为 被认为是过量能量摄入、体重增加和肥胖的一个促成因素2 -4，影响70%的 美国人5.一个促成因素，以重复SSB消费是糖摄入量的原因，释放 多巴胺（DA）和阿片类物质在纹状体6，提供积极的强化。因此，多个基于大脑的 已经提出了食物奖励驱动的肥胖模型，主要集中在纹状体和执行神经元。 功能7 -14.这些基于大脑的肥胖模型已经阐明了过度食用高脂饮食的风险因素， 然而，支持这些竞争模型的数据在很大程度上依赖于小规模的观察性研究。 样品重要的是，我们实验室和其他人以前的报告直接涉及饮食行为模式， 对食物刺激的异常神经行为反应的重要贡献者。然而，如果没有实验 证据表明，我们对神经行为适应的知识存在根本性的空白， 个体在体重改变之前开始有规律地食用SSB。正如观测数据所表明的那样， 这对研究可能加剧或防止适应的个体差异因素也至关重要 与定期SSB摄入量相关，以及这些适应是否具体。因此，我们完成了一个 一项小型随机对照试验，分配了21天内每日摄入SSB的情况。结果支持 假设定期摄入SSB会导致特定的神经，行为和感知适应， 可能会增加习惯性消费的风险。为了证实和扩大这些初步数据，我们将随机 分配230名年轻人（18-28岁，BMI 18-34）食用品牌版本的调味SSB或 不加糖的调味饮料，每天喝3周。目的1将研究特定的神经行为效应， 相对于不加糖的调味对照饮料/标识，重复摄入新型SSB和标识暴露， 允许直接测试常规高糖饮料摄入的影响。目标2将测试是否 先前与肥胖有关的个体差异因素（例如，超重，SSB消耗，遗传 DA功能受损的易感性，巴甫洛夫学习）调节神经行为反应 模式作为每日SSB摄入量的函数。这将使我们能够识别疾病的恶化和/或保护因素 神经行为适应作为一个人开始定期消耗SSB。目标3将研究群体-和 停止每日摄入SSB导致的消退效应的个体水平差异，这将允许 更好地理解一旦饮料被移除后适应的持续性。总的来说，这些 目的是提供一个强大的检查适应定期摄入的品牌SSB承诺， 有意义地推进对糖摄入量的维持和增加的理解。

SUMMARY The proposed project address critical gaps in the understanding of the strength, specificity and persistence of neurobehavioral adaptions that occur in the initial period of repeated consumption of a branded sugar sweetened beverage (SSB). Half of Americans consume SSBs on any given day1. Regular SSB intake is considered a contributing factor to excess energy intake, weight gain, and obesity2–4, which impacts 70% of Americans5. A contributing factor to repeated SSB consumption is sugar intake causes to the release of dopamine (DA) and opioids in the striatum6, providing positive reinforcement. As such, multiple brain-based models of food reward-driven obesity have been proposed, largely focusing on the striatum and executive functioning7–14. These brain-based models of obesity have elucidated risk factors for overconsumption of high- sugar foods; however, data supporting these competing models rely heavily on observational studies in small samples. Importantly, previous reports from our lab and others directly implicate eating behavior patterns as a vital contributor to aberrant neurobehavioral responses to food stimuli. However, without experimental evidence, there are fundamental gaps in our knowledge about the neurobehavioral adaptations that occur as an individual begins to regularly consume a SSB prior to weight change. As observational data suggest, it is also crucial to examine individual difference factors that may exacerbate or protect against adaptations associated with regular SSB intake, as well as whether these adaptions are specific. As such, we completed a small, randomized controlled trial that assigned daily consumption of SSBs over 21 days. Results supported the hypothesis that regular SSB intake results in specified neural, behavioral, and perceptual adaptions that may increase risk for habitual consumption. To confirm and expand these preliminary data, we will randomly assign 230 young adults (18-28 years old, BMI 18-34) to consume branded versions of either flavored SSBs or unsweetened, flavored beverages daily for 3 weeks. Aim 1 will investigate specific neurobehavioral effects of repeated intake of novel SSB and logo exposure relative to unsweetened, flavored control beverages/logos, allowing for the direct test of the impact of regular high sugar beverage intake. Aim 2 will test whether individual difference factors previously implicated in obesity (e.g., overweight, SSB consumption, genetic predisposition for compromised DA functioning, Pavlovian learning) moderate the neurobehavioral response patterns as a function of daily SSB intake. This will allow us to identify exacerbating and/or protective factors of neurobehavioral adaptions as an individual begins to regularly consume a SSB. Aim 3 will examine group- and individual-level differences in extinction effects resulting from cessation of daily SSB intake, which will allow for a greater understanding of the persistence of adaptations once the beverage is removed. Collectively, these aims provide a robust examination of adaptations to regular intake of a branded SSB that promise to meaningfully advance the understanding of the maintenance and escalation of sugar intake.