Feasibility study for sustainable, affordable solar PV/T-biomethane energy solution for rural Pakistan

巴基斯坦农村可持续、负担得起的太阳能光伏/T-生物甲烷能源解决方案的可行性研究

• 批准号: 10042192
• 金额: $ 28.76万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Feasibility Studies
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=10042192
• 关键词: Feasibility; study; sustainable; affordable; solar

Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world with a population of 216.5M and annual growth rate of 2%. It is an agrarian country with two thirds of its population living in rural areas. Despite its abundant renewable energy sources, Pakistan is facing severe energy crises where it imports a third of its energy requirements and is still using conventional methods of energy generation that produce significant CO2 emissions.Majority of the rural population in Pakistan meet their cooking and heating needs by burning biomass like animal dung, wood fuel and charcoal in traditional cook stoves which are inefficient and causes household indoor air pollution (HAP). About 28,000 people die each year due to HAP, and it accounts for 40 million cases of acute respiratory illnesses per annum causing significant economic burden which costs about 1% of GDP per annum. Also, Pakistan is facing severe deforestation problem and currently forests cover only 2.5% of the land area as every year 27000 hectare is lost due to deforestation leading to increased CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere.There are huge amounts of waste in Pakistan including 20MT/yr solid waste of which almost half is biomass like (food waste, paper leaves, grass and fodders), 70MT/year of agriwaste like wheat and rice husks, cotton sticks and sugar-cane residues, and 365MT/Yr of animal waste coming from more than 170M heads of cows, buffalos, cattle, sheep, camels and goats. Exploiting this agricultural and animal waste, this project aims to investigate the feasibility of a novel Waste to Energy system to produce biogas which will be further upgraded and separated into biomethane and carbon dioxide. The biogas (before upgrading) will be piped to households close to the anaerobic digestion plant and investigated for cooking and the effects of using it on the indoor air quality will be assessed compared to using wood for cooking. Then the upgraded biogas to biomethane will be used for cooking and heating while CO2 will be used for wide range of industrial applications. Also, the proposed system will produce nitrogen enriched bio-fertilisers that can be used for soil enhancement, increased land fertility and food production.The widespread of the proposed technology will have major impacts on Pakistan population where clean, affordable and secure source of energy can be generated using locally available waste. Based on the waste produced from the 70M heads of cows and Buffalos only, over 57488Mm³/yr of biogas and 30MT/yr of nitrogen enriched bio-fertilisers can be produced. This will significantly reduce Pakistan fuel imports, enhance the living standards of the rural communities particularly women, girls and disadvantaged groups, reduce CO2 emissions and improve the environment.

巴基斯坦是世界上第六大人口大国，人口为2.165亿，年增长率为2%。它是一个农业国家，三分之二的人口生活在农村地区。尽管拥有丰富的可再生能源，但巴基斯坦正面临严重的能源危机，该国三分之一的能源需求依赖进口，而且仍在使用产生大量二氧化碳排放的传统能源生产方法。巴基斯坦的大多数农村人口通过燃烧动物粪便等生物质来满足烹饪和取暖需求，木材燃料和木炭在传统的炉灶，这是低效的，并导致家庭室内空气污染（HAP）。每年约有28，000人死于HAP，每年约有4000万例急性呼吸道疾病，造成重大经济负担，每年约占国内生产总值的1%。此外，巴基斯坦正面临着严重的森林砍伐问题，目前森林覆盖率仅为2.5%的土地面积，每年有27000公顷的森林因森林砍伐而消失，导致大气中二氧化碳的积累增加。巴基斯坦有大量的废物，包括20吨/年的固体废物，其中近一半是生物质，如这些废物包括食物垃圾、纸叶、草和饲料，每年70公吨的农业废物，如小麦和稻壳、棉花棒和甘蔗渣，以及来自1.7亿头牛、水牛、牛、绵羊、骆驼和山羊的3.65亿公吨的动物废物。利用这种农业和动物废物，该项目旨在研究一种新的废物转化为能源系统的可行性，以生产沼气，沼气将进一步升级并分离为生物甲烷和二氧化碳。沼气（升级前）将通过管道输送到厌氧消化厂附近的家庭，并进行调查，以用于烹饪，并将评估使用沼气与使用木材烹饪对室内空气质量的影响。然后，将沼气升级为生物甲烷将用于烹饪和供暖，而二氧化碳将用于广泛的工业应用。此外，拟议中的系统将生产富氮生物肥料，可用于土壤改良，提高土地肥力和粮食产量。拟议中的技术的推广将对巴基斯坦人口产生重大影响，因为可以利用当地可用的废物产生清洁，负担得起和安全的能源。仅以7000万头奶牛和水牛产生的废物为基础，就可以生产超过57488立方米/年的沼气和30吨/年的富氮生物肥料。这将大大减少巴基斯坦的燃料进口，提高农村社区特别是妇女、女孩和弱势群体的生活水平，减少二氧化碳排放，改善环境。