Endogenous and Dietary Sphingolipids as Modulators in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

炎症性肠病(IBD)是一种由天然免疫和获得性免疫紊乱引起的慢性疾病。 正常维持肠道动态平衡的机制。IBD也容易发展为结肠炎- 相关性结肠癌(CAC)。阐明IBD发生和持续的机制 可能导致治疗IBD和预防CAC的新医学策略。鞘脂的新陈代谢是一个主要的 肠道上皮细胞的活性在炎症组织中变得失调，并与发病机制有关 IBD和CAC都是如此。尽管如此，鞘脂如何机械地促进IBD的发展还不是很清楚。 明白了。在肠细胞内，鞘氨醇激酶1(SK1)也可以代谢内源性鞘磷脂。 作为哺乳动物饮食中的鞘磷脂，导致生物活性分子鞘氨醇-1- 磷酸盐(S1P)。S1P通过以下途径调节淋巴细胞的运输并促进炎症和癌症的发生 通过其受体(S1PR1-5)以及通过激活STAT3和NFκB S1P裂解酶(Sp1)而传递信号，这是一种必不可少的信号转导途径 在健康的肠道细胞中高度表达的酶，不可逆转地降解S1P，使肠道S1P水平保持在较低水平。 然而，SK1在炎症过程中上调，SPL活性受到氧化应激的阻碍。这些 变化会导致S1P的积累。我们只产生了缺乏SPL的组织特异性SPLGutKO小鼠 肠道细胞。SPLGutKO小鼠肠道S1P水平较高，为研究S1P在结肠炎中的作用提供了模型。 使用化学性和感染性结肠炎模型，我们发现肠上皮中SPL的失活促进了 结肠炎/CAC。我们提供了更多的证据表明SPLGutKO小鼠在免疫细胞转运方面表现出变化 肠道，肠道上皮屏障的破坏，以及肠道组织代谢谱的深刻变化 缺乏炎症性刺激。具体地说，我们观察到高水平的血小板激活因子(PAF) 和SPLGutKO小鼠肠道中谷胱甘肽(GSH)的耗竭。PAF促进白细胞募集， 通过激活PAF受体(PAFR)来激活和形成活性氧物种(ROS)。谷胱甘肽 是保护肠上皮免受ROS介导的损伤所需的主要细胞内抗氧化剂。因此， 我们在SPLGutKO小鼠中观察到的两个关键代谢变化可以增强氧化应激，同时使 对这种压力毫无抵抗力。根据我们的发现，我们假设鞘脂影响 通过扰乱PAF和GSH代谢从而改变免疫细胞而发展为结肠炎 贩运和上皮屏障完整性。为了验证这一中心假设，我们提出了三个具体目标：1) 确定鞘脂如何扰乱肠道新陈代谢；2)确定鞘脂如何促进免疫细胞 运输到肠道；3)阐明鞘脂如何损害肠道上皮屏障的完整性。通过确定 鞘磷脂如何影响PAF和GSH的肠道代谢，并检验两者之间的因果关系 鞘磷脂、PAF、GSH、肠道免疫细胞运输和肠道上皮屏障的功能，我们将阐明如何 鞘脂代谢促进结肠炎，或者，如何将这一途径作为治疗IBD的靶点。

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition caused by disruption of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that normally maintain gut homeostasis. IBD also predisposes to the development of colitis- associated colon cancer (CAC). Elucidating mechanisms underlying the development and persistence of IBD could lead to new medical strategies to treat IBD and prevent CAC. Metabolism of sphingolipids is a major activity of gut epithelium that becomes dysregulated in inflamed tissues and is implicated in the pathogenesis of both IBD and CAC. Nonetheless, how sphingolipids mechanistically contribute to IBD development is poorly understood. Within enterocytes, sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) can metabolize endogenous sphingolipids as well as mammalian dietary sphingolipids, leading to the formation of the bioactive molecule sphingosine-1- phosphate (S1P). S1P regulates lymphocyte trafficking and promotes inflammation and carcinogenesis by signaling through its receptors (S1PR1-5) and by activating STAT3 and NFκB. S1P lyase (SPL), an essential enzyme that is highly expressed in healthy enterocytes, irreversibly degrades S1P, keeping gut S1P levels low. However, SK1 is upregulated during inflammation, and SPL activity is hampered by oxidant stress. These changes result in accumulation of S1P. We generated tissue-specific SPLGutKO mice lacking SPL only in enterocytes. SPLGutKO mice have high gut S1P levels and provide a model for investigating S1P's role in colitis. Using both chemical and infectious models of colitis, we found that SPL inactivation in gut epithelium promotes colitis/CAC. We provide additional evidence that SPLGutKO mice exhibit alterations in immune cell trafficking to the gut, breach of the gut epithelial barrier, and profound changes in the metabolic profiles of gut tissues in the absence of an inflammatory stimulus. Specifically, we observed high levels of platelet activating factor (PAF) and depletion of glutathione (GSH) in SPLGutKO mouse intestines. PAF promotes leukocyte recruitment, activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation through activation of the PAF receptor (PAFR). GSH is the main intracellular antioxidant needed to protect gut epithelium against ROS-mediated injury. Thus, the two key metabolic changes we observed in SPLGutKO mice could enhance oxidant stress while rendering the gut defenseless against that stress. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that sphingolipids influence the development of colitis by perturbing PAF and GSH metabolism, thereby altering immune cell trafficking and epithelial barrier integrity. To test this central hypothesis, we propose three Specific Aims: 1) Establish how sphingolipids perturb the gut metabolome; 2) Determine how sphingolipids facilitate immune cell trafficking to the gut; 3) Elucidate how sphingolipids compromise gut epithelial barrier integrity. By determining how sphingolipids influence gut metabolism of PAF and GSH, and testing causal relationships between sphingolipids, PAF, GSH, gut immune cell trafficking, and gut epithelial barrier functions, we will clarify how sphingolipid metabolism promotes colitis and, alternatively, how this pathway can be targeted to treat IBD.