Evaluation of Link for Equity: A Program to Reduce Racial/Ethnic School Violence Disparities

项目摘要/摘要 尽管青少年暴力总体上有所减少，但在种族和青少年群体中，校园暴力的发生率仍然高得惊人。 少数民族儿童与白人儿童相比。暴露于不良儿童经历(ACE)，这 包括种族歧视，使有色人种儿童面临校园暴力的高风险。最流行的一种 学校中的种族歧视形式是对有色人种学生过于严厉的纪律处分。干预 关于ACES，特别是学校纪律中的种族歧视，是防止校园暴力的关键。我们 提出一项嵌套的随机等待名单对照试验--文化响应支持系统Link for Equity 针对受ACE影响的儿童，包括第一级普遍创伤信息护理和文化谦逊培训 和二级心理急救和种族歧视预防。本研究的目的是：1)适应， 实施和评估公平连结对校园暴力差距的影响；2)评估公平连结对校园暴力差距的影响 公平链接减少教师对学生的种族歧视，并确定公平链接的影响是否 校园暴力的公平是通过种族歧视来调节的，以及3)探讨Link对于 校园暴力的公平性是通过压力和联系机制来调节的。我们有 与6个表现出严重校园暴力和纪律差异的地区建立伙伴关系，并结成伙伴关系 按类似的人口统计数据、校园暴力、纪律差距和地理位置对他们进行了调查。都是一所高中 来自这些地区的一所支线中学将参加总共12所学校的活动。我们将首先适应 每个学校和社区独特的创伤经历的材料。然后，我们将进行嵌套的 对12所学校进行的随机等候名单对照试验。每一对选区将被随机分配到一个直接的 干预组接受Link for Equity，或等待名单控制组在两年后接受干预。在… 在学校层面，在干预年，我们将招收大约1200名接触4个A或A的有色人种学生 世卫组织对创伤后应激障碍筛查呈阳性，以接受二级心理急救。这些学生还将 单独随机接受立即第2级干预或到另一个等待名单对照组接受 一学期后接受干预。我们将连续两个学年采用这些程序， 这对我们的小学(即校园暴力、种族歧视)和中学的持续影响至关重要 结果(即，包括压力和关联性在内的中介因素)。我们的研究具有很高的创新性，因为我们将 使用严格的嵌套随机设计、社区参与的方法来定制我们的干预材料， 和多个数据来源，以实现我们的研究目标。此外，我们还组建了一支由多学科组成的团队 专家(儿童创伤、卫生公平、流行病学、干预措施和生物统计)和社区 与我们的学校和教育领导职位有着深厚的联系。如果股权链接被证明是 有效的，我们的团队准备采取可行的步骤，以实现可持续性和全州范围内的实施。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Despite overall reductions in youth violence, rates of school violence remain alarmingly high among racial and ethnic minority children compared to white children. Exposure to adverse child experiences (ACEs), which include racial discrimination, place children of color at high risk for school violence. One of the most prevalent forms of racial discrimination in schools is overly harsh disciplinary practices with students of color. Intervening on ACEs, particularly racial discrimination in school discipline, is key to preventing school violence. We propose a nested randomized waitlist control trial of Link for Equity, a culturally responsive system of support for ACE-impacted children, composed of Tier 1 universal trauma-informed care and cultural humility training and Tier 2 Psychological First Aid and racial discrimination prevention. The aims of this study are to: 1) adapt, implement and evaluate the effect of Link for Equity on school violence disparities, 2) evaluate the effect of Link for Equity on reducing teacher-to-student racial discrimination and determine if the effects of Link for Equity on school violence are mediated through racial discrimination, and 3) explore how the effects of Link for Equity on school violence are mediated through stress and connectedness mechanisms. We have partnerships with 6 districts who demonstrate significant school violence and discipline disparities and paired them by comparable demographics, school violence, discipline disparities and geography. Both a high school and a feeder middle school from these districts will participate for a total of 12 schools. We will first adapt materials to the unique trauma experiences of each school and community. Then, we will conduct a nested randomized waitlist control trial with 12 schools. Each pair of districts will be randomized to either an immediate intervention group to receive Link for Equity or a waitlist control group to receive intervention two years later. At the school-level, during intervention years, we will enroll about 1200 students of color exposed to 4+ ACEs or who screen positive for posttraumatic stress to receive Tier 2 psychological first aid. These students will also be individually randomized to receive immediate Tier 2 intervention or to another waitlist control group to receive intervention one semester later. We will employ these procedures for two consecutive school years, which is critical for sustained impacts on our primary (i.e., school violence, racial discrimination) and secondary outcomes (i.e., mediators including stress and connectedness). Our research is highly innovative in that we will use a rigorous nested randomized design, community-engaged methods to tailor our intervention materials, and multiple sources of data to pursue our study aims. Further, we have assembled a multi-disciplinary team of experts (in childhood trauma, health equity, epidemiology, interventions and biostatistics) and community liaisons with deep ties to our schools and leadership positions in education. If Link for Equity proves to be effective, our team is poised to take actionable steps towards sustainability and statewide implementation.