OCEAN-CRYOSPHERE EXCHANGES IN ANTARCTICA: IMPACTS ONCLIMATEAND THE EARTH SYSTEM

海洋：冰将评估关键的南极冰盖和南大洋过程对地球的影响，通过它们对海平面上升、深水形成、海洋环流和气候的影响。观测和数值模型的创新和雄心勃勃的组合，包括冰盖-气候模式的耦合开发，将被用来改进对南极和格陵兰冰盖的变化如何影响全球气候的预测。它将在观测空隙中进行新的绕极和大西洋观测。它将把这些和现有的数据吸收到改进的冰盖边界条件和强迫中，产生对冰盖融化和对海洋环流的影响的新估计，包括大西洋子午线翻转环流。它将开发、校准和评估用于预测巨型冰盖未来演变的模型。它将减少它们的融化对十年至数百年时间尺度上与社会相关的环境变化影响的深刻不确定性。海洋：冰将评估越过冰盖“临界点”的可能性及其对海洋环流和气候的影响。海洋：ICE将通过其广泛的国际合作者网络提升欧洲研究的知名度，这些合作者提供科学和后勤支持。它将通过观察、后勤协作和分析直接为全大西洋研究联盟作出贡献。它将大大推进冰盖-气候耦合模型的最先进水平，并直接为政府间气候变化专门委员会和世界海洋评估等国际气候评估作出贡献。它将遵循公平和鼓舞人心的原则，与欧洲数据中心建立有机联系，以传播其数据。它将向政策制定者和公众提供对冰盖融化对欧洲气候影响的改进评估，并提供可操作的风险和时间尺度。

OCEAN:ICE will assess the impacts of key Antarctic Ice Sheet and Southern Ocean processes on Planet Earth, via their influence on sea level rise, deep water formation, ocean circulation and climate. An innovative and ambitious combination of observations and numerical models, including coupled ice sheet-climate model development, will be used to improve predictions of how changes in the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets impact global climate. It will make new circumpolar and Atlantic observations in observational gaps. It will assimilate these and existing data into improved ice sheet boundary conditions and forcing, producing new estimates of ice sheet melt and impacts on ocean circulation, including the Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation. It will develop, calibrate and assess models used to predict the future evolution of the giant ice sheets. It will reduce the deep uncertainty in the impact of their melt on societally relevant environmental changes on decadal to multi-centennial time scales. OCEAN:ICE will assess the potential for passing ice sheet 'tipping points' and their consequences for ocean circulation and climate. OCEAN:ICE will raise the profile of European research through its extensive network of international collaborators, who provide scientific and logistical support. It will directly contribute to the All Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance through observations, logistical collaboration and analysis. It will significantly advance the state-of the-art in coupled ice sheet-climate modelling and directly contribute to international climate assessments such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and World Ocean Assessment. It will link organically to European data centresto disseminate its data, following FAIR and INSPIRE principles. It will deliver improved assessments of European climate impacts from the melting ice sheets, with actionable risk and timescales, to policymakers and the public.