New catalytic methods for the rapid synthesis of N-unprotected chiral aziridines and amines

项目摘要 胺和它们的衍生物是普遍存在的物质，因为它们存在于绝大多数的有机溶剂中。 药物分子，农用化学品，功能材料以及许多由生物产生的化合物 生物体（即，天然产品）。值得注意的是，平均来说，200个最好的- 销售小分子药物，并且这些药物中的80%含有至少一个N-杂环片段。也是 据估计，45%的候选药物含有手性胺部分。其中含氮 化合物，芳族和杂芳族胺（即，苯胺）在超过三分之一的化合物中作为核心结构出现 而氮丙啶，三元和同样高度紧张的氮类似物， 环氧化物，由于其多功能性，是合成结构复杂分子的重要合成中间体 在无数的区域和立体选择性转化中。毫不奇怪，有机化学家投入了大量的 努力设计更好的合成胺的策略，作为关键的化学构件， 生物活性化合物的制备，尤指在药物化学中。这些战略还可以 用于复杂分子的后期功能化，从而能够探索新的化学空间 用于生物学研究。因此，新的和强大的合成策略和方法，快速，直接 将氮引入容易获得的和便宜的前体如烷烃、烯烃、芳烃 杂芳烃以及羰基化合物预计将对有机化合物如何 合成，药物化学，生物化学和化学生物学实践。特别是， 在单一步骤中和在温和的条件下去除未保护的氮和其他杂原子将导致 比目前使用的多步路线更有效和“更环保”，最终将导致更快的 开发新药。 在拟议的项目过程中，新型金属催化和有机催化胺化工艺将 将开发利用催化和化学计量产生的亲电 胺化剂因此，由手性和非手性伯和仲苯胺的直接合成是可行的。 芳族和杂芳族化合物，由酮和羧酸的α-胺化羰基化合物 酸衍生物，来自酮亚胺、酮肟和酮亚胺酯的完全取代的胺的酸衍生物和NH-的酸衍生物，以及 将获得来自分离的/未活化的烯烃的N-烷基氮杂环丙烷。建议的催化胺化工艺 将被彻底调查，以揭示和理解他们的机械基础。重点将 致力于开发可以利用丰富而廉价的起始材料并将其转化为 这些在操作简单和温和的反应条件下生成结构复杂/增值的产物。

Project Summary Amines and their derivatives are ubiquitous substances since they are present in the overwhelming majority of drug molecules, agrochemicals, functional materials as well as many compounds that are produced by living organisms (i.e., natural products). Notably, there are, on average, 2.8 nitrogen atoms in each of the 200 best- selling small molecule drugs and, of these drugs, 80% contain at least one N-heterocyclic fragment. It is also estimated that 45% of drug candidates contain a chiral amine moiety. Among these nitrogen-containing compounds, aromatic and heteroaromatic amines (i.e., anilines) appear as core structures in more than one third of drug candidates while aziridines, the three-membered and equally highly-strained nitrogen analogues of epoxides, are important synthetic intermediates en route to structurally complex molecules due to their versatility in myriad regio- and stereoselective transformations. Not surprisingly, organic chemists invest a considerable amount of effort devising better strategies for synthesis of amines that serve as key chemical building blocks for the preparation of biologically active compounds, especially in medicinal chemistry. These strategies can also be used for late-stage functionalization of complex molecules that enables the exploration of new chemical space for biological studies. Consequently, new and powerful synthetic strategies and methods for the rapid and direct introduction of nitrogen into readily available and inexpensive precursors such as alkanes, alkenes, arenes, heteroarenes as well as carbonyl compounds are expected to have a far-reaching impact upon how organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and chemical biology are practiced. In particular, the introduction of unprotected nitrogen and other heteroatoms in a single step and under mild conditions will result in processes that are more efficient and “greener” than currently used multi-step routes and ultimately will lead to the faster development of new medicines. During the course of the proposed project novel metal-catalyzed and organocatalytic amination processes will be developed that will take advantage of both catalytically and stoichiometrically generated electrophilic aminating agents. Thus, the direct synthesis of chiral as well as achiral primary and secondary anilines from aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds, of alpha-aminated carbonyl compounds from ketones and carboxylic acid derivatives, of fully-substituted amines from ketimines, ketoximes and ketiminoesters and of NH- as well as N-alkylaziridines from isolated/unactivated olefins will be achieved. The proposed catalytic amination processes will be thoroughly investigated to uncover and understand their mechanistic underpinnings. Emphasis will be given to the development of reactions that can utilize abundant and inexpensive starting materials and convert these to structurally complex/value added products under operationally simple and mild reaction conditions.