Dual Use of ENDS and Combustible Cigarettes: Shared, Distinct, and Cross-Conditioned Processes

项目总结 这项K08研究和培训奖将使PI能够获得实质性和方法性的专门知识 有必要对年轻人的尼古丁使用情况进行独立研究，并将这一知识转化为 临床试验开发。电子尼古丁输送系统(END)和可燃香烟的双重用途是 美国年轻人(18-25岁)中最普遍的烟草使用模式。描述共享的、 保持双重用途的截然不同和交叉调节的过程对于告知干预措施是必不可少的 在易受伤害的双重使用者中吸烟。药物的激励敏化和影响加工模型 成瘾强调了药物线索和对线索的注意偏差是药物渴望和使用的主要驱动因素，以及 负面影响如何加强这些关系。我建议研究一下这三个人在多大程度上 过程(线索反应性、注意偏向和负面影响)是烟草渴求的基础，在实验室和 青年成人双重使用者(n=80)样本中的自然主义环境。重大创新包括 在年轻的成年双重使用者中检查线索的跨产品条件作用；整合实验室和 自然环境；以及识别末端与可燃香烟的共同和不同的过程。这就做 检查体内中性、末端或可燃香烟线索对对普通品牌香烟渴望的影响 香烟或首选终端设备在三个实验室会话中。视觉探测任务将指示注意偏向； 参与者将自我报告积极和消极的情绪。EMA将用于从 相同的参与者评估与实验室测量相对应的烟草使用和渴望的预测因素 (情绪、烟草暗示)，以及显著的社会和行为相关性。的人员和事件级别的影响 线索反应性、注意偏向、交叉产物条件作用和负面情绪的交互作用将被 使用多级建模进行建模。研究结果将阐明注意力、情绪和线索相关因素的作用 去渴求和两用的过程。这些发现将为两个研究项目的发展提供参考：纵向 使用调查、EMA和实验室方法来表征个体内部行为过程的研究 通过吸烟模式的潜在转变(特别是从吸烟者到双重吸烟者的过程)；以及 一种针对双用户的新型即时自适应干预(JITAI)的临床试验准备工作 脆弱性的标志高或低(例如，跨产品反应性)。最后一系列焦点小组将 评估原型研究通知的吉泰组件的接受性和可接受性。技艺高超的导师， 包括克里斯蒂娜·杰克逊、苏珊娜·科尔比、安德里亚·金、泰勒·雷和雷切尔·卡西迪及其合作者 克里斯托弗·卡勒将就培训目标提供指导：(1)行为实验室评估方法；(2) 实验室和自然数据的分析和整合；以及(3)将实验室结果翻译到吉泰。 总体而言，本申请中概述的研究和培训揭示了烟草两用模式中的主要差距， 并将为国际和平研究所做好准备，以便在这一领域进行独立研究和进一步的科学探索。

PROJECT SUMMARY This K08 research and training award will enable the PI to attain the substantive and methodological expertise necessary to conduct independent research on nicotine use in young adults and to translate this knowledge to clinical trial development. Dual use of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) and combustible cigarettes is the most prevalent pattern of tobacco use among US young adults (age 18–25). Characterizing shared, distinct, and cross-conditioned processes that maintain dual use is essential for informing interventions against smoking among vulnerable dual users. The incentive sensitization and affect processing models of drug addiction highlight how drug cues and attentional bias for cues are central drivers of drug craving and use and how negative affect strengthens these relationships. I propose to examine the degree to which these three processes (cue-reactivity, attentional bias, and negative affect) underlie tobacco craving and in laboratory and naturalistic settings among a sample of young adult dual users (n = 80). Significant innovations include examining cross-product conditioning of cues in young adult dual users; integrating data across laboratory and naturalistic settings; and identifying shared and distinct processes in ENDS versus combustible cigarettes. I will examine the effects that in-vivo neutral, ENDS, or combustible cigarette cues have on craving for usual-brand cigarettes or preferred ENDS devices in three laboratory sessions. A visual probe task will index attention bias; participants will self-report positive and negative affect. EMA will be used to gather real-time data from the same participants evaluating predictors of tobacco use and craving that correspond to laboratory measures (mood, tobacco cues), as well as salient social and behavioral correlates. Person- and event-level effects of cue reactivity, attentional bias, cross-product conditioning, and the interactive effect of negative affect will be modeled using multilevel modeling. Results will elucidate the contribution of attentional, mood, and cue-related processes to craving and dual use. Findings will inform development of two research projects: a longitudinal study using survey, EMA, and laboratory methods to characterize the intra-individual behavioral processes underlying transitions through smoking patterns (especially progression from ENDS to dual user); and preparation for a clinical trial of a novel just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI) targeting dual users who are either high or low in markers of vulnerability (e.g., cross-product reactivity). A final series of focus groups will assess the receptivity and acceptability of prototype study-informed JITAI components. Highly skilled mentors, including Kristina Jackson, Suzanne Colby, Andrea King, Tyler Wray, and Rachel Cassidy and collaborator Christopher Kahler will provide guidance on training aims: (1) behavioral laboratory assessment methods; (2) analysis and integration of laboratory and naturalistic data; and (3) translation of laboratory findings to JITAI. Overall, the research and training outlined in this application informs key gaps in models of tobacco dual use, and will prepare the PI to conduct independent research furthering scientific inquiry in this field.