Do children's genetically-influenced characteristics influence the parental input they experience? Evidence from a longitudinal twin study

项目概要/摘要 这个项目的目标是了解如何数量和质量的语言输入针对 儿童由他们的照顾者是受遗传影响的儿童特点（语言能力， 通过标准评估以及儿童在互动过程中的生产和气质来衡量 通过标准评估来衡量）。这个研究项目的首要活动是转录， 分析已经收集的自然主义亲子互动，作为纵向研究的一部分 超过300对同性双胞胎和他们的父母数据集由一对一的游戏互动组成 在三个时间点（3岁、4岁和5岁），父母与双胞胎分别进行比较。这种独特 样本允许调查父母对每个孩子的语言输入如何不同。因为一半的样本 由单卵（基因相同）双胞胎和另一半双卵双胞胎（共享约 50%的分离基因），我们可以通过分离基因的分离程度来推断遗传对性状的影响。 同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎成员之间的相似性。在这次调查中，我们关注的是 受遗传影响的性状影响父母的语言输入的性质。数量遗传模型- 拟合分析将揭示父母语言输入和儿童特征之间的双向关系， 通过告知遗传和环境对年龄时父母语言输入的影响， 3、4和5;父母语言输入在不同年龄段的稳定性和变化;以及 父母的语言输入和不同年龄段的儿童特征。这是一个及时的调查： 环境或父母特征对语言的影响是目前研究的重点 投入，如父母的教育水平，以及干预措施如何培训高危群体中的父母 来提高他们提供的信息的质量。拟议的工作为这些努力增加了另一个层面， 调查儿童特有的特征以及这些特征如何影响父母的语言输入 环境和父母特征。所获得的知识将揭示这些儿童因素如何影响儿童的健康。 父母的语言输入儿童接受和这种关系的纵向后果。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The goal of this project is to understand how quantity and quality of the language input directed to children by their caregivers is influenced by genetically-influenced child characteristics (language ability as measured by standard assessment as well as children's productions during the interactions, and temperament as measured by standard assessments). The overarching activity of this research project is transcription and analysis of naturalistic parent-child interactions that have already been collected as part of a longitudinal study of over 300 same-sex twin pairs and their parents. The data set consists of one-on-one play interactions between a parent with each twin separately, at each of three time points (ages 3, 4, and 5 years). This unique sample allows investigation of how the parent's linguistic input to each child differs. Because half of the sample consists of monozygotic (genetically identical) twins and the other half of dizygotic twins (sharing approximately 50% of their segregating genes), we can make inferences about genetic influences on traits by the degree of similarity between members of a monozygotic and dizygotic twin pair. In this investigation we focus on how genetically-influenced traits affect the properties of the parent's linguistic input. Quantitative genetic model- fitting analyses will reveal bidirectional relations between parental linguistic input and child characteristics at the level of etiology by informing about genetic and environmental influences on parental linguistic input at age 3, 4, and 5; stability and change in parental linguistic input across age; and sources of covariance between parental linguistic input and child characteristics both within and across age. This is a timely investigation: much attention is currently being given to the study of environmental or parental traits that affect linguistic input, such as the parent's level of education, and how interventions might train parents within high-risk groups to improve the quality of the input they provide. The proposed work adds another dimension to these efforts by investigating child-specific features and how these may influence parental linguistic input above and beyond environmental and parental traits. The knowledge gained will reveal how these child factors contribute to the parental linguistic input children receive and the longitudinal consequences of this relationship.