From one closed door to another: Cumulative discrimination and prejudice against marginalised groups in Europe

平等力量的主要贡献是从交叉背景和交叉角度调查针对族裔、种族和宗教少数群体的累积和结构性形式的歧视、非群体偏见和仇恨犯罪。我们采用创新、有针对性和有效的方法，包括实地试验、人口层面的二次调查数据、中观层面的政策分析和有针对性的数据收集，以纳入直接面临歧视的少数群体的视角。我们的方法使我们能够实现五个相互关联的研究目标：首先，我们揭示了欧洲种族和种族歧视的结构性和累积性形式，重点是穆斯林、罗姆人和黑人少数民族的经历。其次，我们评估了跨生活领域的偏见的系统性，目标是反穆斯林、反黑人和反罗姆人的态度。第三，我们分析了造成结构性歧视和偏见的政策和体制因素。第四，我们记录了为应对日常歧视而采取的生活经验和应对策略。最后，我们强调种族、民族和宗教与其他方面的不平等的交集，如性别、性取向和社会经济地位。为了实现这些目标，我们承诺做出三项关键贡献：第一，我们转变范式，从关注处于危险中的个人转向关注家庭。其次，我们揭示了累积性、结构性和交叉性的劣势，超越了特定背景和单一群体的歧视。第三，我们提供了一个多行为者和多层次的视角，同时考虑了多个行为者(即看门人；族裔、种族和宗教少数群体；多数群体)和分析层面(即个人决策的微观层面；组织、社区、租赁机构和托儿设施的中观层面；国家和全国性机构的宏观层面)。

The main contribution of EqualStrength is to investigate cumulative and structural forms of discrimination, outgroup prejudice and hate crimes against ethnic, racial and religious minorities from a cross-setting and intersectional perspective. We deploy innovative, targetted and effective methods, which include field experiments, population-level secondary survey data, meso-level policy analysis and targeted data collection to include the perspective of minority groups who directly confront discrimination. Our approach allows us to meet five interrelated research objectives: First, we reveal structural and cumulative forms of ethnic and racial discrimination in Europe, focusing on the experience of Muslim, Roma and Black minorities. Second, we assess the systemic nature of prejudice across life domains, targetting anti-Muslim, anti-Black and anti-Roma attitudes. Third, we analyse policy and institutional factors that contribute to structural discrimination and prejudices. Fourth, we document the lived experiences and coping strategies adopted to confront everyday discrimination. And finally, we highlight the intersection of race, ethnicity and religion with other dimensions of inequality such as gender, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic position. In meeting these objectives, we promise three key contributions: First, we shift the paradigm, moving from a focus on individuals at risk to a family perspective. Second, we reveal cumulative, structural and intersectional disadvantage, pushing beyond setting-specific and single-group discrimination. Third, we provide a multi-actor and multilevel perspective that simultaneously considers multiple actors (i.e. gatekeepers; ethnic, racial and religious minorities; majority groups) and levels of analysis (i.e. the micro-level of individual decisions; the meso-level of organisations, neighbourhoods, rental agencies and childcare facilities; the macro-level of countries and nation-wide institutions).