Effort-related decision-making in ADHD

项目总结 与原拟议补编提供的经费保持不变。 ADHD是由行为症状来定义的，这些症状与潜在的神经生物学或 机械装置。使用机制来定义其病因学和预测结果预计将更加强大 比目前的方法更好，但这一希望只是部分实现。令人惊讶的是，这些参数 影响保持认知努力活动的意愿还没有得到系统的研究。那 现有数据表明，ADHD与奖励估值和处理方式的差异有关，这些差异是 受到延迟送货的影响。然而，目前还不清楚ADHD是否与更高的水平有关 对施加认知[心理]努力的厌恶，以及改变奖励与努力的交互作用。因此，这 应用程序旨在通过检查个人在不同奖励之间的偏好来解决这一知识差距 与最小的努力和回报更高但努力成本更高的替代方案相关(“努力折扣”)。 因此，这项提案的总体目标是描述努力过程中的偏见和权衡的差异- ADHD的相关决策，使用努力折扣方法，并确定相关因素 有了这些不同。为了实现我们的总体目标，拟议的研究将利用一口井- 最初于2007年招募的被诊断为ADHD的健康对照个体的确定样本(“父母 研究“)解决三个目标：(1)检查被诊断为ADHD的青年对努力的主观知觉 和健康对照，他们在任务中被要求施加不同水平的认知努力(维持 注意，参与工作记忆过程)，(2)确定ADHD是否与陡峭有关 在有努力要求的任务中，与匹配的对照相比，折扣更大、更努力的奖励 主观努力等级相匹配，以及(3)探索努力指数之间的关系 贴现，和理论上相关的特征(例如，坚韧不拔，承受痛苦)，努力相关决策的生物标记物- (眼球运动和瞳孔大小)，以及在父母研究中评估的认知测量。成功 这些目标的完成将使我们能够更好地表征ADHD与健康对照的差异，并为 为ADHD诊断标准的更多计算方法奠定了基础。

PROJECT SUMMARY Unchanged from the original funded award by the proposed supplement. ADHD is defined by behavioral symptoms that are not well defined in relation to underlying neurobiology or mechanisms. Using mechanisms to define its nosology and predict outcomes is expected to be more powerful than the current approach, but this hope has only partially been realized. Surprisingly, the parameters influencing willingness to maintain cognitively effortful activities have not been examined systematically. That is, existing data indicate ADHD is associated with differences in reward valuation and processing, which are influenced by delays to reward delivery. However, it is unknown whether ADHD is associated with higher levels of aversion to exerting cognitive [mental] effort, and altered reward x effort interactions. Accordingly, this application aims to address this knowledge gap by examining individuals' preferences between rewards associated with minimal effort and alternatives with higher payoff but higher effort costs (“effort discounting”). Thus, the overall goal of this proposal is to characterize the differences in biases and tradeoffs during effort- related decision-making in ADHD, using an effort discounting methodology, and to identify factors associated with these differences. To accomplish our overall goal, the proposed research will take advantage of a well- defined sample of ADHD-diagnosed and healthy control individuals initially recruited in 2007 (the “parent study”) to address three aims: (1) To examine the subjective perception of effort in youth diagnosed with ADHD and healthy controls using tasks in which they are required to exert varying levels of cognitive effort (sustaining attention, engaging working memory processes), (2) To determine whether ADHD is associated with steeper discounting of larger, more effortful rewards than matched controls in tasks where effort requirements have been matched in subjective effort ratings, and (3) To explore relationships amongst indices of effort discounting, and theoretically-related traits (e.g., grit, distress tolerance), biomarkers of effort-related decision- making (eye movements and pupil size), and cognitive measures assessed in the parent study. Successful completion of the aims would permit us to better characterize ADHD-healthy control differences, and lay a foundation for more computational approaches to ADHD diagnostic criteria.