Effort-related decision-making in ADHD

项目摘要 拟议的补助金与原资助的补助金没有变化。 ADHD是由行为症状定义的，这些症状与潜在的神经生物学或 机制等使用机制来定义其疾病分类学和预测结果预计将更加强大 目前的做法，但这一希望只是部分实现。令人惊讶的是，参数 影响保持认知努力活动的意愿还没有被系统地研究。的 现有数据表明ADHD与奖励评估和处理的差异有关， 受到奖励发放延迟的影响。然而，目前尚不清楚ADHD是否与更高的水平有关。 厌恶施加认知[心理]努力，并改变奖励x努力的相互作用。因此，这 应用程序旨在通过检查个人对奖励之间的偏好来解决这一知识差距 与最小的努力和具有更高回报但更高努力成本的替代品（“努力折扣”）相关联。 因此，本提案的总体目标是描述在努力过程中偏差和权衡的差异- 相关的决策在ADHD，使用努力折扣方法，并确定相关因素 这些差异。为了实现我们的总体目标，拟议的研究将利用一个良好的- 在2007年最初招募的ADHD诊断和健康对照个体的定义样本（“父母”）中， 本研究的目的有三：（1）探讨ADHD青少年对努力的主观感受 和健康对照使用任务，其中他们被要求发挥不同水平的认知努力（维持 注意力，参与工作记忆过程），（2）为了确定ADHD是否与陡峭的 在努力要求具有以下特征的任务中，与匹配的控制相比，更大、更努力的奖励被打折 在主观努力评级匹配，（3）探索努力指数之间的关系 贴现，以及理论上相关的特性（例如，毅力、痛苦容忍度）、努力相关决策的生物标志物- 制作（眼球运动和瞳孔大小），以及在母研究中评估的认知测量。成功 目标的完成将使我们能够更好地描述ADHD-健康对照组的差异， 为ADHD诊断标准的更多计算方法奠定了基础。

PROJECT SUMMARY Unchanged from the original funded award by the proposed supplement. ADHD is defined by behavioral symptoms that are not well defined in relation to underlying neurobiology or mechanisms. Using mechanisms to define its nosology and predict outcomes is expected to be more powerful than the current approach, but this hope has only partially been realized. Surprisingly, the parameters influencing willingness to maintain cognitively effortful activities have not been examined systematically. That is, existing data indicate ADHD is associated with differences in reward valuation and processing, which are influenced by delays to reward delivery. However, it is unknown whether ADHD is associated with higher levels of aversion to exerting cognitive [mental] effort, and altered reward x effort interactions. Accordingly, this application aims to address this knowledge gap by examining individuals' preferences between rewards associated with minimal effort and alternatives with higher payoff but higher effort costs (“effort discounting”). Thus, the overall goal of this proposal is to characterize the differences in biases and tradeoffs during effort- related decision-making in ADHD, using an effort discounting methodology, and to identify factors associated with these differences. To accomplish our overall goal, the proposed research will take advantage of a well- defined sample of ADHD-diagnosed and healthy control individuals initially recruited in 2007 (the “parent study”) to address three aims: (1) To examine the subjective perception of effort in youth diagnosed with ADHD and healthy controls using tasks in which they are required to exert varying levels of cognitive effort (sustaining attention, engaging working memory processes), (2) To determine whether ADHD is associated with steeper discounting of larger, more effortful rewards than matched controls in tasks where effort requirements have been matched in subjective effort ratings, and (3) To explore relationships amongst indices of effort discounting, and theoretically-related traits (e.g., grit, distress tolerance), biomarkers of effort-related decision- making (eye movements and pupil size), and cognitive measures assessed in the parent study. Successful completion of the aims would permit us to better characterize ADHD-healthy control differences, and lay a foundation for more computational approaches to ADHD diagnostic criteria.