Family processes underlying adolescent substance use and conduct problems: disentangling correlation and causation

项目总结/摘要 在青春期，药物滥用和行为问题是同时发生和相互加强的 对青少年、其家庭和社会造成严重和长期负担的问题。基于家庭 治疗和预防计划可以降低其发病率，但这些干预措施的规模有限， 持续时间和影响范围，并且实施起来可能很麻烦。一个限制改进的因素 这些现有的干预措施是很难进行严格的科学研究的具体因果影响， 家庭因素作为改变机制的目标。父母监护、父母监护、父母监护等因素 温暖和家庭冲突彼此协变，以及许多其他变量（例如，基因、社会经济学 地位，生活环境，父母精神病理学），因此很难将其独特的影响隔离开来， 从更大的因果网络的风险因素的青少年的结果。这一建议追求因果关系， 一种接地的，机械的方法来解开家庭过程的影响，并描述它们如何 不同的严重程度，慢性，和发展的时间暴露在人口水平。我们提取数据 从青少年大脑和认知发展SM（ABCD）研究-一个多样化的，纵向的，全国性的， 前瞻性随访了11，880名9/10岁青少年的人群队列，直至19-20岁， 在半年期评估中同时衡量发展的许多相互关联的方面 覆盖各处我们将尝试分离出父母监控、父母温暖和家庭冲突的影响 从其他影响使用三个不同的，互补的方法：（一）学科间的方法 使用边际结构模型;（B）使用固定效应面板估计的受试者内方法;（C） 双胞胎/同胞不一致方法，使用336+对单卵双胞胎，430+对双卵双胞胎， 1,805个非双胞胎兄弟姐妹我们追求四个具体目标。目标1：确定三个家庭的因果影响 过程-父母监控、父母温暖和家庭冲突-对近端青少年物质的影响 11至18岁之间的虐待和行为问题。目标2：确定家庭的影响 过程因青少年性别、种族/民族认同或药物滥用倾向和行为而异 问题目的3：确定三个家庭过程的影响是否因严重程度、慢性程度或 暴露的发育时间。总之，这项研究将产生一个更科学准确的 青少年药物滥用和犯罪的发展心理病理学，从而告知 设计、完善和个性化以家庭为基础的干预措施，以减少这些疾病的发生率。 人口层面的问题。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT During adolescence, substance abuse and conduct problems are co-occurring and mutually reinforcing problems with significant acute and long-term burden to adolescents, their families, and society. Family-based treatments and prevention programs can reduce their incidence, but these interventions are limited in the size, duration, and scope of effects and can be cumbersome to implement. One factor limiting the refinement of these existing interventions is the difficulty of conducting rigorous science about the specific causal effects of the family factors that are targeted as mechanisms of change. Factors such as parental monitoring, parental warmth, and family conflict covary with each other as well as many other variables (e.g., genes, socioeconomic status, living environment, parent psychopathology), so it is difficult to isolate their unique impacts on adolescent outcomes from the larger causal network of risk factors. This proposal pursues a causally grounded, mechanistic approach to disentangle the impacts of family processes and characterize how they vary by the severity, chronicity, and developmental timing of exposure at the population level. We draw data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) Study—a diverse, longitudinal, nationwide, population-based cohort of 11,880 youth ages 9/10 years old followed prospectively until ages 19-20, with simultaneous measurement of many intercorrelated aspects of development at biannual assessments throughout. We will attempt to isolate the effects of parental monitoring, parental warmth, and family conflict from other influences using three distinct, and complementary approaches: (A) a between-subjects approach using marginal structural models; (B) a within-subjects approach using the fixed effects panel estimator; (C) a twin/sibling discordancy approach using 336+ pairs of monozygotic twins, 430+ pairs of dizygotic twins, and 1,805 non-twin siblings. We pursue four specific aims. Aim 1: Determine the causal impacts of three family processes—parental monitoring, parental warmth, and family conflict—on proximal adolescent substance abuse and conduct problems between ages 11 to 18 years. Aim 2: Determine whether the effects of the family processes vary by youth sex, racial/ethnic identification, or predisposition to substance abuse and conduct problems. Aim 3: Determine whether the effects of three family processes vary by severity, chronicity, or developmental timing of exposure. Altogether, this research will yield a more scientifically accurate developmental psychopathology of adolescent substance abuse and delinquency and thereby inform the design, refinement, and personalization of family-based interventions to reduce the incidence of these problems at the population level.