Aging effects on the neural coding of proactive and reactive cognitive control

项目摘要（摘要） 这项建议探讨了神经和心理机制，这些机制是公认的下降的基础， 认知控制功能甚至是健康的老年人都能体验到的。一个明确的共识， 衰老的神经科学是，与年龄相关的认知控制能力下降反映了神经生物学的变化， 在中脑多巴胺系统的运作中，与位于侧前额叶的目标相互作用， 前扣带皮层（ACC）。尽管大量神经影像学文献已经调查过 这种神经生物学的变化，它一直在能力有限，这些与关键控制机制， 由神经计算模型假设，这往往是在代表性的条款框架。当前 建议对这一问题采取了创新的实验方法， 代表性相似性分析（RSA），以检查认知控制的神经编码以及它是如何 随着年龄的增长而变化。具体来说，我们利用RSA来测试双重控制机制（DMC） 理论框架，假设两种不同的模式-主动和被动-通过认知控制 可以部署。DMC框架的一个主要主张是，老年人表现出明显的损害， 积极主动的控制，但相对保留反应性控制。该项目直接测试这一点 假设，采用新的理论优化变体的工作马颜色词Stroop范式， 实验性地将主动控制和被动控制双重分离。Stroop任务与RSA相结合， 研究与主动和被动控制相关的神经机制，比较年轻和老年人 通过创新的多模态神经成像方法。具体来说，我们进行收敛和 匹配fMRI和EEG研究，RSA用于桥接两种模式。这种多模式 这种方法能够对DMC框架进行系统和全面的测试，因为它适用于认知老化， 通过利用每种方法的互补优势， 分辨率我们利用这些优势来测试主动控制和被动控制是否具有不同的时间 动态签名，并涉及解剖学上分离的神经机制在lPFC和ACC。最后， 我们利用尖端的RSA方法来识别单次试验的大脑行为关系， 最强的测试可能关于DMC框架的解释能力，以了解的性质， 与年龄相关的认知控制能力下降。因此，该项目的调查结果将具有很高的

Project Summary (Abstract) This proposal explores the neural and psychological mechanisms that underlie the well-established declines in cognitive control function experienced even by healthy older adults. A clear consensus in the cognitive neuroscience of aging is that age-related cognitive control declines reflect neurobiological changes that occur in the functioning of the mid-brain dopamine system, interacting with targets located in the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Although a large neuroimaging literature has investigated such neurobiological changes, it has been limited in the ability to relate these to the key control mechanisms postulated by neurocomputational models, which are often framed in representational terms. The current proposal adopts an innovative experimental approach to this issue, by leveraging the methodology of representational similarity analysis (RSA), to examine the neural coding of cognitive control and how it changes with advancing age. Specifically, we utilize RSA to test the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) theoretical framework, which postulate two distinct modes – proactive and reactive – by which cognitive control can be deployed. A primary claim of the DMC framework is that older adults exhibit clear impairments in the engagement of proactive control, but relative preservation of reactive control. The project directly tests this hypothesis, employing novel theoretically-optimized variants of the work-horse color-word Stroop paradigm, to experimentally doubly dissociate proactive and reactive control. The Stroop task is combined with RSA to examine the neural mechanisms associated with proactive and reactive control, comparing younger and older adults through an innovative multi-modal neuroimaging approach. Specifically, we conduct convergent and matched fMRI and EEG studies, with RSA used to bridge between the two modalities. This multi-modal approach enables a systematic and comprehensive test of the DMC framework, as it applies to cognitive aging, by capitalizing on the complementary strength of each method to provide both high spatial and temporal resolution. We exploit these strengths to test whether proactive and reactive control have distinct temporal dynamic signatures, and involve anatomically dissociable neural mechanisms within the lPFC and ACC. Finally, we exploit cutting-edge RSA methods to identify single-trial brain-behavior relationships, providing the strongest tests possible regarding the explanatory power of the DMC framework for understanding the nature of age-related cognitive control decline. As such, the findings of this project will have high