Aging effects on the neural coding of proactive and reactive cognitive control

项目摘要(摘要) 这项建议探索了神经和心理机制的基础上，良好的下降，在 即使是健康的老年人也能体验到认知控制功能。认识论上的明确共识 衰老的神经科学是，与年龄相关的认知控制能力下降反映了发生的神经生物学变化。 在中脑多巴胺系统的功能中，与位于额叶外侧的靶点相互作用 大脑皮质(LPFC)和前扣带回皮质(ACC)。尽管一部大型神经影像文献研究了 这种神经生物学变化，在将这些与关键控制机制联系起来的能力方面一直受到限制 由神经计算模型假设，这些模型通常是以表象术语为框架的。海流 Proposal对这一问题采取了创新的实验方法，利用 表征相似性分析(RSA)，以检查认知控制的神经编码及其如何 随着年龄的增长而变化。具体地说，我们利用RSA测试双重控制机制(DMC) 理论框架，它假定认知控制有两种截然不同的模式--主动性和反应性 可以部署。DMC框架的一个主要主张是，老年人在 参与主动控制，但相对保留反应性控制。该项目直接测试了这一点 假说，采用了工作颜色词Stroop范式的新的理论优化的变体， 实验上将主动控制和反应性控制双重分离。Stroop任务与RSA相结合以 检查与主动和反应性控制相关的神经机制，比较年轻和年长的人 通过一种创新的多模式神经成像方法为成年人提供帮助。具体地说，我们进行了收敛和 匹配的fMRI和EEG研究，使用RSA在两种模式之间架起桥梁。这种多式联运 该方法能够对DMC框架进行系统和全面的测试，因为它适用于认知老化， 通过利用每种方法的互补优势来提供高度的空间和时间 决议。我们利用这些优势来测试主动控制和被动控制是否具有明显的时间性 动态信号，并涉及LPFC和ACC内解剖上分离的神经机制。最后， 我们利用尖端的RSA方法来识别单次试验的大脑-行为关系，提供 关于DMC框架的解释能力的最强测试 与年龄相关的认知控制能力下降。因此，这个项目的结果将会有很高的

Project Summary (Abstract) This proposal explores the neural and psychological mechanisms that underlie the well-established declines in cognitive control function experienced even by healthy older adults. A clear consensus in the cognitive neuroscience of aging is that age-related cognitive control declines reflect neurobiological changes that occur in the functioning of the mid-brain dopamine system, interacting with targets located in the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Although a large neuroimaging literature has investigated such neurobiological changes, it has been limited in the ability to relate these to the key control mechanisms postulated by neurocomputational models, which are often framed in representational terms. The current proposal adopts an innovative experimental approach to this issue, by leveraging the methodology of representational similarity analysis (RSA), to examine the neural coding of cognitive control and how it changes with advancing age. Specifically, we utilize RSA to test the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) theoretical framework, which postulate two distinct modes – proactive and reactive – by which cognitive control can be deployed. A primary claim of the DMC framework is that older adults exhibit clear impairments in the engagement of proactive control, but relative preservation of reactive control. The project directly tests this hypothesis, employing novel theoretically-optimized variants of the work-horse color-word Stroop paradigm, to experimentally doubly dissociate proactive and reactive control. The Stroop task is combined with RSA to examine the neural mechanisms associated with proactive and reactive control, comparing younger and older adults through an innovative multi-modal neuroimaging approach. Specifically, we conduct convergent and matched fMRI and EEG studies, with RSA used to bridge between the two modalities. This multi-modal approach enables a systematic and comprehensive test of the DMC framework, as it applies to cognitive aging, by capitalizing on the complementary strength of each method to provide both high spatial and temporal resolution. We exploit these strengths to test whether proactive and reactive control have distinct temporal dynamic signatures, and involve anatomically dissociable neural mechanisms within the lPFC and ACC. Finally, we exploit cutting-edge RSA methods to identify single-trial brain-behavior relationships, providing the strongest tests possible regarding the explanatory power of the DMC framework for understanding the nature of age-related cognitive control decline. As such, the findings of this project will have high