Patterns, predictors, and outcomes of paternal activation parenting

项目摘要 现存的关于幼儿期父亲抚养的研究通常依赖于传统的抚养 从关于母亲的研究和理论中得出的维度（例如，然而，有些人认为， 父亲在促进儿童的经验和与外界个人的关系方面发挥着独特的作用。 通过激活养育（AP），依恋关系提供了安全感。AP包括行为 挑战孩子们接近新的情况，探索他们的环境，并采取身体和 社会情绪风险，通过鼓励和限制设置的平衡。3，4，7，15而AP的组成部分 与儿童的自我调节（SR）技能，AP的综合措施有关，重要的是， 缺乏对来自低社会经济背景的黑人和拉丁裔家庭的纵向研究。 局限性极大地限制了我们对父亲AP对儿童出现的潜在益处的理解。 Sr.因此，应用的总体目标是测试父源AP、父源AP和父源AP之间的关联。 特征，和儿童的SR技能，在低收入，种族多元化的父亲样本。具体 目的是：1）验证一种新的AP编码方案，并在清除中生成父AP的潜在因子， 2）测试父亲AP和儿童SR技能之间的独特关联，假设 较高水平的父亲AP将与4岁和5岁时较高的儿童SR相关，特别是对于儿童 谁表现出最佳水平的激活;和3）测试父亲因素之间的独特关联， 父亲的AP，假设家庭收入和父亲的教育程度越高，父亲的抑郁水平越低， 症状，并且是黑人和/或拉丁裔将与较高水平的父亲AP相关。24个月 在申请中提出的培训计划将提供必要的培训，以支持申请人在晋升 成为一名独立的研究人员。培训方案包括三个方面：1） 扩大对父亲的研究知识，特别是黑人和拉丁裔父亲; 2）获得经验， 用于亲子互动的观察编码的方法，特别关注结构， AP编码; 3）学习和应用多层次分析程序进行多变量分析。专业 在整个培训期间，将提供发展机会。拟议研究的结果 可能对儿童SR的基础和应用研究产生重要影响，特别是促进 AP在父亲在幼儿期。同样，提高对父亲AP决定因素的理解 还将告知预防工作的未来目标，以促进幼儿期父亲的AP。

PROJECT SUMMARY Extant research on paternal caregiving in early childhood has typically relied on traditional caregiving dimensions derived from research and theory on mothers (e.g., sensitivity).2 However, some have argued that fathers play a unique role in promoting children's experiences and relationships with individuals outside of the security provided by attachment relationships through activation parenting (AP).5,13,14 AP includes behaviors that challenge children to approach novel situations, explore their environments, and take physical and socioemotional risks, through a balance of encouragement and limit-setting.3,4,7,15 Whereas components of AP have been linked to children's self-regulation (SR) skills, comprehensive measures of AP and, importantly, longitudinal research on Black and Latinx families from low socioeconomic backgrounds is lacking.7 These limitations greatly constrain our understanding of the potential benefits of paternal AP for children's emerging SR. Thus, the overall goal of the application is to test associations between paternal AP, paternal characteristics, and children's SR skills, in a sample of low-income, ethnically-diverse fathers. The specific aims are to: 1) validate a novel AP coding scheme and generate a latent factor for paternal AP in clean-up and teaching tasks; 2) test unique associations between paternal AP and children's SR skills, with the hypothesis that higher levels of paternal AP will be associated with higher child SR at ages 4 and 5, especially for children who exhibit an optimal level of activation; and 3) test unique associations between paternal factors and paternal AP, with the hypothesis that higher family income and paternal education, lower paternal depressive symptoms, and being Black and/or Latinx will be associated with higher levels of paternal AP. The 24-month training plan proposed in the application will provide necessary training to support the applicant in advancing their expertise to become an independent researcher. The program of training comprises three areas: 1) expand knowledge of research on fatherhood, especially Black and Latinx fathers; 2) gain experience with methods used in observational coding of parent-child interactions with a specific focus on the construct and coding of AP; and 3) learn and apply multilevel analytic procedures to multivariate analyses. Professional development opportunities will be infused throughout the training period. Results from the proposed research could have important implications for basic and applied research on children's SR, and specifically promoting AP in fathers during early childhood. Similarly, improving understanding of the determinants of paternal AP would also inform future targets of prevention efforts to promote paternal AP in early childhood.