Placenta specific and ribosomal RNA genes: structure and function

对于PLAC1，为了确定其异常选择性组织特异性表达的基础，我们已经证明该基因由两个启动子P1和P2表达，它们相隔105千碱基，并可选择性剪接。通过克隆小鼠和人的启动子，确定了最小启动子区域。最小启动子区域在特定位点结合核受体视黄酸X受体α (rxr - α)、lxr - β和甾体生成因子1 (SF1)/雌激素相关受体β (err - β)，在它们各自的激动剂存在的情况下，它们的结合具有刺激转录10倍的积极作用。

For PLAC1, to determine the basis for its extraordinarily selective tissue-specific expression, we have shown that the gene is expressed from two promoters, P1 and P2, spaced 105 Kilobases apart and is alternatively spliced. By cloning both promoters from mouse and human, defined the minimal promoter regions. The minimal promoter region binds nuclear receptors Retinoic Acid X Receptor alpha (RXR-alpha), LXR-beta, and Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)/ Estrogen related receptor beta (ERR-beta) at specific sites and their binding has a positive effect stimulating transcription >10 fold, in the presence of their respective agonists. In a follow up publication, in Oncogenesis (2013), Plac1 expression in cancer cells was evaluated by a classical approach establishing cancer cell lines; SV40 mediated transformation of primary cells WI38 and IMR90 cells. We found that following SV40 mediated transformation the primary cells induced PLAC1 and a series of steps are catalyzed by Large T antigen encoded by SV40 early regions that modify Tp53 repressor properties normally bound to the promoter region such that it loses its repressive ability, bring about changes in chromatin from closed to open status facilitating Plac1 transcription. The transcription is then further stimulated in the presence of nuclear receptors and if an additional coactivator NCOA2 (nuclear receptor co-activator2) is present, it recruits RB, leading to additional up-regulation of the gene. Thus, we have defined a major way in which the gene is activated in cancer cells, which thereby provides a route to repress the gene activity. Currently, we have shown at the biochemical level that Plac1 interacts with desmosomes, specifically c-terminal portion of desmoglein. The c-terminal end of desmoglein is cleaved and is secreted as part of exosomes and thus could potentially act as a carrier for PLAC1 into the blood stream during pregnancy, where it is detected at high levels during pregnancy. The levels of PLAC1 decreases dramatically after delivery in the blood stream of mother. A manuscript describing this work is now published in Placenta Journal. For rDNA structure analysis the cloning and analysis problems were resolved with collaborations with 2 other NIH groups. J.H. Kim and Vladimir Larionov at NCI created an advanced approach to cloning based on transformation associated recombination (TAR), that provided stable clones with up to 2 repeat units of rDNA; Adam Phillippy and Alex Dilthey at NHGRI adapted advanced long-read sequencing techniques (PacBio and Nanopore) to facilitate sequence recovery and assembly; and we supplied annotation and context for the analyses. The major findings thus far are that ribosomal DNA, and transcribed regions that included 5 prime and 3 prime external transcribed sequences, and internal transcribed sequences, all of which are eliminated during assembly but are essential for formation of mature ribosomes harbor many variants, with a fraction of them deeply seated in human evolution. Thirteen clones, about 0.32-fold coverage (0.82 Mb) of the chromosome 21 rDNA complement, revealed a previously missed 2 kb tract, several palindromic structures, and over 300 variants; 85 variants fall in mature 18S/28S rRNA sequences. Palindromic breakpoints and >80% of 45S variant alleles were also found in independent whole-genome or RNA-Seq data, indicating that many variants are long established in human populations. We have developed an updated 44,838 bp rDNA reference sequence annotated with detected variants, suggesting a possible route to complete analysis of the rDNA component of the human genome. The large number of variants reveal more and more universal - heterogeneity in human ribosomal DNA than previously considered, opening the possibility of corresponding variations in ribosome dynamics. Further, we have extended the study to rDNA units in chromosome 22 from mouse-human hybrid cell-line containing human chromosome 22, collected additional clones from chromosome 22, sequenced, assembled, annotated and deposited in Genbank. These isolates include the telomeric and centromeric borders flanking the rDNA repeats from chromosome 22. A manuscript describing this work is now published in Science Reports. We have now extended the rDNA analysis to non-human primates and mouse. TAR cloning based clones from chimp, gorilla, orangutan, and rhesus monkey cell lines along with 53 clones from mouse have been now analyzed. The sequence analysis has helped us to refine the current rDNA locus sequence present in the database, identify and catalog new variants. The results have shown that the mouse and non-human primate 45S RNA contains significant number of variants than reported before and provides a means to test the effect of these variants in yeast cells in ongoing work.