Combustion of plastic waste and human health effects in Guatemala

项目摘要 来自固体燃料燃烧的家庭空气污染（HAP）是造成不良环境空气污染的主要原因， 健康在低收入和中等收入国家解决HAP问题的全球努力集中在提供清洁能源方面。 炉灶家庭废物燃烧，特别是塑料，是一个主要的，但未解决的环境和 在缺乏适当处置废物基础设施的国家，在危地马拉农村， 家庭使用固体燃料做饭，71%的家庭将焚烧废物作为主要处理方式。燃烧塑料 释放双酚和邻苯二甲酸盐，可能会破坏神经发育、内分泌和生殖功能。 没有研究检查育龄妇女接触化学品的生物标志物， 不成比例地暴露于空气中燃烧的塑料，可能比高收入国家的水平更高。那里 没有对中美洲塑料废物焚烧产生的空气污染物的排放量进行估计。这项建议会 建立社区工作组，通过减少家庭塑料废物燃烧来改善空气质量， 减少接触，提高育龄妇女与健康有关的生活质量。采用随机 我们将在危地马拉的Jalapa随机选择20个农村村庄（10个干预组; 10个对照组）， 随机选择400名育龄妇女（每个村庄20名），她们报告燃烧塑料垃圾是主要的 废物处置的形式，参与尿液生物监测和个人空气监测。在10次干预中 我们将邀请社区成员参加为期12周的工作组， 燃烧塑料，并确定在随后的9个月内可实现的干预措施。我们将使用 行为改变轮和RE-AIM，两个实施科学框架，以及混合方法， 完善、实施和评估社区发起的应对塑料废物的干预措施。我们将评估 机会，能力和动机，决定行为，以及范围，有效性， 干预措施的采用、执行的忠实性、维持和可持续性。在基线、4个月和12个月时， 我们将测量细颗粒物和黑碳的个人暴露，以及 暴露（例如，双酚、邻苯二甲酸酯、多环芳烃和挥发性有机化合物）， 400名育龄妇女（15-44岁）。我们将使用基于过滤器的锑和1，3，5-三苯基苯， 塑料焚烧的已知示踪剂，以量化由于塑料燃烧而产生的空气污染物的排放估计。 根据干预村庄的塑料废物减少情况，我们将评估污染物排放的区域影响 减少，使用3D化学运输模型。这是第一个使用实施科学方法的研究 实施和评估减少塑料废物燃烧的干预战略的忠实度。我们的发现将是 与决策者一起纳入社区驱动的公共卫生行动，以在其他地方制定方案 contexts.该项目不仅使危地马拉居民直接受益，也使其他地区的居民直接受益， 露天焚烧废物会在区域和全球造成空气污染。

Project Abstract Household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel combustion is a major contributor to poor ambient air pollution and health. Global efforts to address HAP in low- and middle-income countries have focused on provision of clean cookstoves. Household waste burning, especially of plastics, is a major, but unaddressed environmental and health hazard in countries that lack infrastructure to properly dispose of waste. In rural Guatemala, 95% of households use solid fuels for cooking and 71% burn waste as the primary means of disposal. Burning plastic releases bisphenols and phthalates, which may disrupt neurodevelopment, endocrine, and reproductive function. No studies have examined biomarkers of exposure to chemicals in women of reproductive age who are disproportionately exposed to airborne burning plastic, likely at higher levels than in high-income countries. There are no emissions estimates of air pollutants from plastic waste incineration in Central America. This proposal will implement community working groups that will improve air quality by reducing household plastic waste burning, reduce exposure, and improve health-related quality of life in women of reproductive age. Using a randomized cluster trial design, we will randomize 20 rural villages (10 intervention; 10 control) in Jalapa, Guatemala and randomly select 400 women of reproductive age (20 in each village) who report burning plastic trash as a primary form of waste disposal to participate in urine biomonitoring and personal air monitoring. In 10 intervention villages, we will invite community members to participate in 12-week working groups to implement alternatives to burning plastic and determine achievable interventions over the subsequent 9 months. We will use the Behavior Change Wheel and RE-AIM, two implementation science frameworks, and a mixed-methods approach, to refine, implement, and evaluate community-initiated interventions that address plastic waste. We will assess opportunities, capabilities and motivations that determine behaviors, as well as the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation fidelity, maintenance and sustainability of interventions. At baseline, 4 and 12 months, we will measure personal exposures to fine particulate matter and black carbon, and urinary biomarkers of exposure (e.g., bisphenols, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds) in 400 women of reproductive age (15-44 years). We will use filter-based antimony and 1,3,5-Triphenylbenzene, known tracers of plastic incineration, to quantify emissions estimates of air pollutants due to plastic burning. Based on plastic waste reductions in intervention villages, we will assess regional impacts of pollutant emissions reduction, using a 3D chemical transport model. This is the first study to use an implementation science approach to implement and evaluate fidelity to intervention strategies to reduce plastic waste burning. Our findings will be incorporated into community-driven public health actions with policymakers to develop programs in other local contexts. This project has direct benefit not only to those residing in Guatemala, but also in other areas where open waste burning contributes to air pollutants both regionally and globally.