Combustion of plastic waste and human health effects in Guatemala

项目摘要 固体燃料燃烧造成的家庭空气污染是造成恶劣环境空气污染的主要因素， 健康。在低收入和中等收入国家解决HAP的全球努力侧重于提供清洁的 炉灶。家庭垃圾焚烧，特别是塑料垃圾焚烧，是一项主要的、但尚未解决的环境和环境问题 缺乏适当处理废物的基础设施的国家的健康危害。在危地马拉农村，95%的人 家庭使用固体燃料做饭，71%的家庭使用垃圾作为主要的处置手段。燃烧的塑料 释放双酚和邻苯二甲酸盐，这可能会扰乱神经发育、内分泌和生殖功能。 目前还没有研究检测育龄妇女接触化学物质的生物标志物。 不成比例地暴露于空气中燃烧的塑料，可能比高收入国家的水平更高。那里 没有估计中美洲塑料垃圾焚烧产生的空气污染物的排放量。这项提议将 实施社区工作组，通过减少家庭塑料垃圾焚烧来改善空气质量， 减少暴露，提高育龄妇女与健康有关的生活质量。使用随机化的 整群试验设计，我们将在危地马拉贾拉帕随机选择20个农村村庄(10个干预；10个对照) 随机选择400名育龄妇女(每个村20名)，她们报告说主要是焚烧塑料垃圾 以废物处理的形式参与尿液生物监测和个人空气监测。十分之一的干预措施 在乡村，我们将邀请社区成员参加为期12周的工作组，以实施替代方案 焚烧塑料，并确定在接下来的9个月内可实现的干预措施。我们将使用 行为改变轮和RE-AIM，两个实现科学框架，以及混合方法方法， 改进、实施和评估社区发起的解决塑料垃圾问题的干预措施。我们将评估 决定行为的机会、能力和动机，以及影响范围、有效性、 干预措施的采用、实施的保真度、维持和可持续性。在基线、4个月和12个月时， 我们将测量个人对细颗粒物和黑碳的暴露，以及尿液生物标志物 接触(例如，双酚、邻苯二甲酸酯、多环芳烃和挥发性有机化合物) 400名育龄妇女(15-44岁)。我们将使用基于过滤器的锑和1，3，5-三苯基苯， 已知的塑料焚烧示踪剂，用于量化塑料焚烧造成的空气污染物排放估计。 根据干预村塑料垃圾减量情况，评估污染物排放对区域的影响。 减少，使用3D化学传输模型。这是第一次使用实施科学方法的研究。 实施和评估减少塑料垃圾焚烧的干预策略的忠诚度。我们的发现将是 与政策制定者一起纳入社区驱动的公共卫生行动，以在其他地方发展项目 上下文。该项目不仅直接惠及居住在危地马拉的人，而且还惠及其他地区。 在区域和全球范围内，露天焚烧垃圾都会造成空气污染物。

Project Abstract Household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel combustion is a major contributor to poor ambient air pollution and health. Global efforts to address HAP in low- and middle-income countries have focused on provision of clean cookstoves. Household waste burning, especially of plastics, is a major, but unaddressed environmental and health hazard in countries that lack infrastructure to properly dispose of waste. In rural Guatemala, 95% of households use solid fuels for cooking and 71% burn waste as the primary means of disposal. Burning plastic releases bisphenols and phthalates, which may disrupt neurodevelopment, endocrine, and reproductive function. No studies have examined biomarkers of exposure to chemicals in women of reproductive age who are disproportionately exposed to airborne burning plastic, likely at higher levels than in high-income countries. There are no emissions estimates of air pollutants from plastic waste incineration in Central America. This proposal will implement community working groups that will improve air quality by reducing household plastic waste burning, reduce exposure, and improve health-related quality of life in women of reproductive age. Using a randomized cluster trial design, we will randomize 20 rural villages (10 intervention; 10 control) in Jalapa, Guatemala and randomly select 400 women of reproductive age (20 in each village) who report burning plastic trash as a primary form of waste disposal to participate in urine biomonitoring and personal air monitoring. In 10 intervention villages, we will invite community members to participate in 12-week working groups to implement alternatives to burning plastic and determine achievable interventions over the subsequent 9 months. We will use the Behavior Change Wheel and RE-AIM, two implementation science frameworks, and a mixed-methods approach, to refine, implement, and evaluate community-initiated interventions that address plastic waste. We will assess opportunities, capabilities and motivations that determine behaviors, as well as the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation fidelity, maintenance and sustainability of interventions. At baseline, 4 and 12 months, we will measure personal exposures to fine particulate matter and black carbon, and urinary biomarkers of exposure (e.g., bisphenols, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds) in 400 women of reproductive age (15-44 years). We will use filter-based antimony and 1,3,5-Triphenylbenzene, known tracers of plastic incineration, to quantify emissions estimates of air pollutants due to plastic burning. Based on plastic waste reductions in intervention villages, we will assess regional impacts of pollutant emissions reduction, using a 3D chemical transport model. This is the first study to use an implementation science approach to implement and evaluate fidelity to intervention strategies to reduce plastic waste burning. Our findings will be incorporated into community-driven public health actions with policymakers to develop programs in other local contexts. This project has direct benefit not only to those residing in Guatemala, but also in other areas where open waste burning contributes to air pollutants both regionally and globally.