Origins and Outcomes of Smartphone and Social Media Habits Across Development

项目摘要 随着公众对智能手机和社交媒体（SSM）日益增多的关注， 技术在美国青年的生活，1-3有一个严格的科学投资的显着需要 这项工作将告知我们对SSM习惯的心理前兆的理解，以及 这些习惯可能会对以后的发展和日常运作产生影响。虽然基础文献是 开始形成，对SSM习惯的起源和结果的研究仍然是骨架，两个基本的 问题仍然没有答案：1）数字媒体习惯的相关性在整个发展过程中是稳定的，还是 它们随年龄而变化？2)这些关系是在什么方向上发生的？观察到的相关性是否反映了 个体差异预示着随后SSM习惯形成/强度的变化，或者，它们是否反映了 SSM习惯对随后的大脑/心理发育和日常功能的影响？的 本研究旨在通过多方法论（行为， 神经影像学、自我报告、生态瞬时评估）对个体的交叉顺序调查 前瞻性预测SSM习惯形成的差异因素以及与 这种习惯在整个发展过程中不断强化。通过对儿童的初步横断面分析， 青少年和年轻人，我们将调查心理/大脑之间的关系， 功能和SSM行为随着年龄的变化而变化。在随后的纵向阶段，我们将 同时跟踪心理/大脑成熟的轨迹，日常功能（例如，学术 结果，心理和身体健康），以及SSM参与，以揭示时间 链接心理功能和SSM使用的过程链。我们的调查小组 定位执行拟议的研究，这将大量借鉴理论框架和方法， 已经推动了我们以前的工作，这将从积极发展的队列中招募， 我们实验室最近进行的相关研究。基于指导神经发育的理论，我们假设 个体在自我调节控制、奖励和感觉寻求、对社会输入的反应， 冒险倾向将在不同的发展阶段对使用模式有不同的预测， 并且这些关系将被证明具有与强化SSM行为的双向相互作用， 对日常生活有着重要的影响。

PROJECT SUMMARY With widespread public concern about the increasing presence of smartphone and social media (SSM) technologies in the lives of American youth,1–3 there is a conspicuous need for investment in rigorous scientific work that will inform our understanding of the psychological precursors of SSM habits, and on the impacts that these habits may have on subsequent development and everyday functioning. While a foundational literature is starting to form, research on the origins and outcomes of SSM habits remains skeletal, and two basic questions are still unanswered: 1) Are the correlates of digital media habits stable across development, or do they vary with age? 2) In what direction do these relationships ensue – do observed correlations reflect individual differences that presage subsequent variation in SSM habit formation/intensity, or, do they reflect the impacts of SSM habits on consequent brain/psychological development and everyday functioning? The present study aims to refine our answers to these key questions through a multi-methodological (behavior, neuroimaging, self-reports, ecological momentary assessment) cross-sequential investigation of the individual differences factors that prospectively predict SSM habit formation and of the outcomes associated with intensification of such habits across development. Through an initial cross-sectional assay of children, adolescents, and young adults, we will investigate whether the relations between psychological/brain functioning and SSM behaviors vary as a function of age. In a subsequent longitudinal phase, we will concurrently track trajectories of psychological/brain maturation, everyday functioning (e.g., academic outcomes, psychological and physical wellbeing), and SSM engagement, in order to shed light on the temporal chain of processes linking mental functioning and SSM usage. Our investigative team is extremely well positioned to execute the proposed research, which will draw heavily from the theoretical framing and methods that have propelled our previous work, and which will recruit from active developmental cohorts who have participated in related recent studies implemented in our labs. Based on guiding neurodevelopmental theories, we hypothesize that individual differences in self-regulatory control, reward and sensation seeking, reactivity to social inputs, and risk-taking propensity will be differentially predictive of usage patterns at varying points in development, and that these relationships will be shown to have bidirectional interactions with intensifying SSM behaviors, with important implications for everyday functioning.