Origins and Outcomes of Smartphone and Social Media Habits Across Development

项目总结 随着公众对智能手机和社交媒体(SSM)日益普及的广泛担忧 技术在美国年轻人的生活中，1-3在严谨的科学方面的投资是显而易见的 这项工作将使我们了解SSM习惯的心理前兆，以及 这些习惯可能会对随后的发展和日常运作产生影响。而一部基础性文学是 关于SSM习惯的起源和结果的研究开始形成，仍然是骨架，和两个基本的 问题仍然没有答案：1)数字媒体习惯的相关性在整个发展过程中是稳定的，还是确实 它们随年龄的变化而不同？2)这些关系会朝着什么方向发展--观察到的相关性是否反映了 个体差异预示着SSM习惯形成/强度的后续变化，或者，它们是否反映了 SSM习惯对随后的大脑/心理发育和日常功能的影响？这个 本研究旨在通过多方法(行为学， 神经成像、自我报告、生态瞬时评估)对个体的交叉顺序调查 预测SSM习惯形成的不同因素及其相关结果 在整个发展过程中强化这种习惯。通过对儿童的初步横断面分析， 青少年和青壮年，我们将调查心理/大脑之间的关系 功能和SSM行为随年龄的变化而变化。在随后的纵向阶段，我们将 同时跟踪心理/大脑成熟、日常功能的轨迹(例如，学术 结果，心理和身体健康)，以及SSM参与，以阐明时间 将心理功能和SSM使用联系起来的一连串过程。我们的调查小组做得非常好 定位于执行拟议的研究，这将大量借鉴以下理论框架和方法 推动了我们以前的工作，并将从积极参与的发展队列中招募人员 最近在我们实验室实施的相关研究。基于指导神经发育的理论，我们假设 个体在自我调节控制、奖励和感觉寻求、对社会输入的反应性、 冒险倾向将在发展的不同时间点对使用模式进行不同的预测， 并且这些关系将被显示为与强化的SSM行为具有双向交互作用， 对日常运作有重要影响。

PROJECT SUMMARY With widespread public concern about the increasing presence of smartphone and social media (SSM) technologies in the lives of American youth,1–3 there is a conspicuous need for investment in rigorous scientific work that will inform our understanding of the psychological precursors of SSM habits, and on the impacts that these habits may have on subsequent development and everyday functioning. While a foundational literature is starting to form, research on the origins and outcomes of SSM habits remains skeletal, and two basic questions are still unanswered: 1) Are the correlates of digital media habits stable across development, or do they vary with age? 2) In what direction do these relationships ensue – do observed correlations reflect individual differences that presage subsequent variation in SSM habit formation/intensity, or, do they reflect the impacts of SSM habits on consequent brain/psychological development and everyday functioning? The present study aims to refine our answers to these key questions through a multi-methodological (behavior, neuroimaging, self-reports, ecological momentary assessment) cross-sequential investigation of the individual differences factors that prospectively predict SSM habit formation and of the outcomes associated with intensification of such habits across development. Through an initial cross-sectional assay of children, adolescents, and young adults, we will investigate whether the relations between psychological/brain functioning and SSM behaviors vary as a function of age. In a subsequent longitudinal phase, we will concurrently track trajectories of psychological/brain maturation, everyday functioning (e.g., academic outcomes, psychological and physical wellbeing), and SSM engagement, in order to shed light on the temporal chain of processes linking mental functioning and SSM usage. Our investigative team is extremely well positioned to execute the proposed research, which will draw heavily from the theoretical framing and methods that have propelled our previous work, and which will recruit from active developmental cohorts who have participated in related recent studies implemented in our labs. Based on guiding neurodevelopmental theories, we hypothesize that individual differences in self-regulatory control, reward and sensation seeking, reactivity to social inputs, and risk-taking propensity will be differentially predictive of usage patterns at varying points in development, and that these relationships will be shown to have bidirectional interactions with intensifying SSM behaviors, with important implications for everyday functioning.