Informing anti-tobacco communications with affective and decision science: Application of the Appraisal Tendency Framework

项目总结/摘要 近几十年来，关于情绪和决策的科学研究呈爆炸式增长。这 该项目旨在利用这一新兴研究机构的见解，开发一个理论基础和 经过实践检验的基础，以提高唤起情感的公共服务的效力 针对吸烟的广告（PSA）。公益广告是联邦和州政府资助的 癌症控制的努力，但在理解如何以及为谁情绪唤起公益广告存在很大的差距 有效，揭示了研究的迫切需要。虽然反吸烟公益广告可以有效地在人口 在这一层面上，一些证据表明，它们也可能引发意想不到的“回飞棒”效应。此外， 以前对人类情绪的研究表明，具有讽刺意味的是，诱导悲伤的公益广告可能会增加吸烟者的情绪。 对香烟的不耐烦和估价。同样，虽然许多公益广告的目的是唤起感情， 作为悲伤，很少，如果有的话，系统的研究采取了理论指导和实证严格的方法， 测试哪种情绪会触发哪种行为效应。 借鉴广泛应用的评估趋势框架（Lerner & Keltner，2000; 2001） 为这种情绪特异性效果提供了基础。根据这一框架，本项目将开展三项 比较悲伤和感激的影响的研究（并控制与每种情绪相似的情绪） 直接和长期的吸烟行为。我们选择悲伤是因为我们之前的研究表明， 悲伤增加时间折扣率（即，“恩，恩。 时间贴现率我们选择悲伤也是因为我们的形成性研究表明， 在疾病控制中心的反烟草公共服务运动中，经常引发负面情绪。 在研究1中，我们将评估悲伤和感激对立即吸烟的不耐烦的具体影响 在全国具有代表性的网络样本中进行奖励。为了测试情绪特异性，我们将 悲伤中带着厌恶，感激中带着快乐。为了了解情绪诱导对谁产生最大的影响， 影响，我们将进行适度分析，评估社会和人口因素， 吸烟的风险更高。在研究2a中，我们将评估悲伤和感激对时间的影响。 吸烟即刻奖励折扣、对香烟的评价、吸烟认知和行为。在 研究2b，我们将评估反复暴露于情绪对停止行为的累积效应。 在90天内诱导（x 4）。该项目将提供一个有理论基础的框架， 精确预测暴露于PSA的结果。为今后的研究提供科学依据 制定公益广告，以减少烟草使用和促进癌症预防。最后，由于该项目 包括一个跨学科的团队，代表公共卫生，情感科学，决策科学，经济学， 和统计，研究整合了多个文献的见解。

PROJECT SUMMARY / ABSTRACT Recent decades have witnessed an explosion of scientific research on emotion and decision making. This project aims to harness insights from this burgeoning body of research to develop a theoretically-grounded and empirically-tested foundation for improving the effectiveness of emotionally-evocative public service announcements (PSAs) that target smoking. PSAs constitute a cornerstone in federal- and state- funded cancer control efforts, but large gaps exist in understanding how and for whom emotionally-evocative PSAs are effective, revealing a critical need for research. Although anti-smoking PSAs can be effective at a population level, some evidence shows that they can also trigger unintended “boomerang” effects. Moreover, results of previous studies on human emotions suggest that PSAs that induce sadness may ironically increase smokers’ impatience for and valuation of cigarettes. Likewise, although many PSAs are designed to evoke feelings such as sadness, few, if any, systematic studies have taken a theory-guided and empirically rigorous approach to testing which specific emotions will trigger which behavioral effects. Research drawing on the widely-applied Appraisal Tendency Framework (Lerner & Keltner, 2000; 2001) provides a basis for such emotion specific effects. Applying this framework, this project will conduct three studies that compare the effects of sadness versus gratitude (and control emotions of similar valence to each) on immediate and long-term smoking behavior. We select sadness because our previous research reveals that sadness increases temporal discount rate (i.e., impatience), and contrast it with gratitude, which decreases temporal discount rate. We also select sadness because our formative research reveals that it is the most frequently evoked negative emotion in the Centers for Disease Control’s anti-tobacco public service campaign. In Study 1, we will assess the specific effects of sadness and gratitude on impatience for immediate smoking reward among a nationally representative web-based sample. To test for emotion specificity, we contrast sadness with disgust and gratitude with happiness. To understand for whom emotion induction yields greatest impact, we will conduct moderation analyses assessing social and demographic factors that predispose individuals to higher smoking risk. In Study 2a, we will assess the effect of sadness and gratitude on temporal discounting of immediate smoking reward, valuation of cigarettes, and smoking cognitions and behaviors. In Study 2b, we will assess the cumulative effect on cessation behavior of repeated exposure to emotion induction (x 4) over a 90-day period. The project will provide a theoretically-grounded framework for more precise prediction of the outcomes of exposure to PSAs. It will also provide a scientific base for future development of PSAs to reduce tobacco use and promote cancer prevention. Finally, because the project includes an interdisciplinary team representing public health, emotion science, decision science, economics, and statistics, the research integrates insights from multiple literatures.