Children's Help to Aging Parents in the Face of Health and Economic Challenges from the COVID-19 Pandemic

项目总结 在新冠肺炎大流行期间，美国老年人的健康和福祉面临着独特的挑战。更老的 成年人和患有慢性疾病的人特别容易出现严重的并发症 疾病，而物理距离的需要通过限制获得支持放大了病毒的影响 系统。新冠肺炎对老年人健康和经济福祉的威胁更加严重 美国人是贫穷、受教育程度较低的非白人，因为他们的健康状况往往较差， 与他们各自对应的人相比，他们暴露在病毒中的可能性更大。来自家人的帮助，包括跑步的时间 对于面临健康问题的老年人来说，差事和亲力亲为的照顾、金钱和共享住房可能是至关重要的 以及忍受和维持福祉的经济挑战。大流行只会增加这种需求，就像 所需的物理距离也会影响接受亲身护理的能力，无论是否与病毒有关， 帮助大约1100万65岁及以上的美国人做家务 照顾者。不同家庭在提供帮助的需要和能力方面的差异因以下事实而放大： 而且，经济风险在家庭内部是相关的。暴露于病毒的后果也是相关的。 跨家庭，因为家庭往往住得很近，特别是非白人和受教育程度较低的家庭。 拟议的项目将使用来自健康和退休研究的新数据，包括新的新冠肺炎 解决三个具体目标的单元：(1)老年人的健康、获得保健的机会和经济福祉 成人随着大流行的发生和发展而变化；(2)成年子女的时间转移， 金钱和同居应对老年人面临的与流行病相关的挑战；以及(3)是否 家庭的邻近性改善或削弱了对老年人与流行病有关的挑战的反应。 在这些目标中的每一个中，我们都估计了不同的社会经济地位、种族和种族的差异 疫情严重程度不同的地理区域。我们试图估计经济衰退的因果效应 病毒对老年人的福祉以及家庭对幸福感变化的反应的影响 结合来自受访者的主观评估和利用变化的分析策略 病毒的严重性跨越地理和时间，在州一级的政策反应中，在个人的 基于他们先前存在的健康状况，他们对病毒的脆弱性。结果将提供一个全面的 了解美国老年人的健康和经济状况在疫情期间发生了怎样的变化 美国老年人面临的这些挑战如何波及到家庭成员，包括同居和非同居的家庭成员 同居。更广泛地说，这些结果将表征家庭安全网的实力和差距 跨越社会经济地位、种族和家庭相互保护的有效性 抵御对健康和福祉的冲击。

PROJECT SUMMARY Older Americans face unique challenges to their health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Older adults and those with chronic health conditions are particularly vulnerable to severe complications from the disease, and the need for physical distancing amplifies the impact of the virus by limiting access to support systems. Threats to health and economic well-being posed by COVID-19 are even more severe for older Americans who are poor, less-educated, and non-White because they tend to have poorer health and greater exposure to the virus relative to their respective counterparts. Help from family, including time spent in running errands and hands-on caregiving, money, and shared housing, is likely to be crucial for older adults facing health and economic challenges to endure and maintain well-being. The pandemic only increases this need, just as required physical distancing also affects the ability to receive hands-on care, whether related to the virus or not, and help with household tasks that approximately 11 million Americans aged 65 and older receive from caregivers. Variation across families in the need for and ability to provide help is magnified by the fact that health and economic risks are correlated within families. Exposure to the consequences of the virus is also correlated across families because families tend to live near one another, especially non-White and less-educated families. The proposed project will use new data from the Health and Retirement Study including the new COVID-19 Module to address three Specific Aims: (1) how health, access to health care, and economic well-being of older adults changed with the onset and progression of the pandemic; (2) whether adult children’s transfers of time, money, and coresidence responded to the pandemic-related challenges older adults faced; and (3) whether proximity of families improved or detracted from responses to the pandemic-related challenges of older adults. In each of these aims, we estimate differences across socioeconomic status, race-ethnicity, and across geographic areas that differed in the severity of the pandemic. We attempt to estimate causal effects of the impact of the virus on the well-being of older adults and on family response to changes in well-being using a combination of subjective assessments elicited from respondents and analytic strategies that exploit variation in the severity of the virus across geography and time, in state-level policy responses, and in individuals’ vulnerability to the virus based on their preexisting health conditions. The results will provide a comprehensive understanding of how the health and economic conditions of older Americans changed during the pandemic and how these challenges that older Americans faced rippled across family members, both coresidential and non- coresidential. More broadly, the results will characterize the strength of the family safety net and disparities in it across socioeconomic status and race-ethnicity and the effectiveness of families in protecting one another against shocks to health and well-being.