ACUTE NICOTINE ABSTINENCE IN ADOLESCENTS

申请者将进行详细的、前瞻性的检查 男性和女性青少年的烟草戒断症状 烟草产品的重度使用者、轻度使用者或非使用者 (包括香烟和无烟烟草)。在成年人中，身体上 通过出现戒断症状来记录的依赖是 已知是维持吸烟的一个重要因素， 尼古丁戒断的强度已经被证明是直接的 与尼古丁的使用强度有关。有人建议， 像成年人一样，青少年在身体上也可能对尼古丁有依赖。 然而，所有检查尼古丁戒断发生率的研究都是在 青少年在本质上是追溯性的，但他们建议 青少年的自我报告表明，他们也经历了 在尼古丁戒断期间戒断。这样做的具体目的是 建议是(1)进行前瞻性和系统性的研究 不同剂量的青少年尼古丁戒断症状 使用标准的烟草使用(重度使用者、轻度使用者、非使用者) 尼古丁戒断措施以及临床研究所 麻醉药品评估(CINA)量表-(2)评估性别差异 青少年尼古丁戒断的发生率，(3)确定 如果青少年在吸食尼古丁期间出现认知能力缺陷 戒断，如果与重度使用者相比，这些缺陷更大 对于烟草产品的轻度使用者，(4)评估 尼古丁期间对身体和精神压力的反应性 戒烟，在大量和轻度使用烟草产品的人中，与 非烟草使用者和(5)记录在响应方面的变化 下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴和交感系统 在尼古丁戒断和暴露在压力下。 这项研究的结果将对 尼古丁替代疗法和其他治疗方法在青少年中的应用 戒断的药理学处理，也有助于阐明 认知缺陷和压力在维持吸烟中的作用 青少年吸烟。确定身体依赖和相关 青少年吸烟者的变化也可能提供有价值的 关于开发和维护的过程的信息 尼古丁依赖。

The applicants will conduct a detailed, prospective examination of tobacco withdrawal symptoms of male and female adolescents who are either heavy users, light users or nonusers of tobacco products (including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco). In adults, physical dependence as documented by the presence of withdrawal symptoms, is known to be an important factor in the maintenance of cigarette smoking, and the intensity of nicotine withdrawal has been shown to be directly correlated to the intensity of nicotine use. It has been suggested that like adults, adolescents may also be physically dependent on nicotine. However, all the studies examining incidence of nicotine withdrawal in adolescents have been retrospective in nature, but they suggest that self-reports from adolescents indicate that they also experience withdrawal during abstinence from nicotine. The specific aims of this proposal are (1) to conduct a prospective and systematic study of nicotine withdrawal symptomatology in adolescents who differ in amount of tobacco use (heavy users, light users, nonusers) using standard nicotine withdrawal measures as well as the Clinical Institute for Narcotic Assessment (CINA) scale-(2) to evaluate gender differences in the incidence of nicotine withdrawal in adolescents, (3) to determine if adolescents experience cognitive performance deficits during nicotine withdrawal and if these deficits are greater in heavy users compared with light users of tobacco products, (4) to evaluate alterations in responsivity to both physical and mental stress during nicotine withdrawal, in heavy and light users of tobacco products, compared with nonusers of tobacco and (5) to document alterations in responsivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic system during nicotine withdrawal and exposure to stress. The results of this study would have substantial implications for the use of nicotine substitution and other treatments in adolescents for the pharmacological management of withdrawal, and could also help elucidate the role of cognitive deficits and stress in maintaining cigarette smoking in adolescents. Determining physical dependence and related changes in adolescent tobacco users may also provide valuable information regarding the process of development and maintenance of nicotine dependence.