PUPILLOMETRY, INFORMATION PROCESSING, AND CULTURE

描述（申请人摘要）： 这个项目的主要目标是促进我们对 文化与信息处理效率的关系。 西班牙裔学生通常表现出标准差的一半 WAIS-R评分差异较小（Suzuki，Meller，and Ponterotto， 1996年）和80分或更多的低差600点SAT 评分（Pearson，1993）高于白人。信息 处理任务被认为能够利用分立元件， 或者说是处理过程中的各个阶段， 功能，并认为有较少的文化影响比其他 认知测试的形式。Saccuzzo、约翰逊和Guertin（1994） 证明了信息处理效率的衡量标准 (i.e.,视觉后向掩蔽（Visual Backward Masking，VBM，task） 与智商和资优计划会员资格的关系， 与其他信息处理任务相比， 在VBM任务中的种族差异。检查时间（IT） VBM任务已被证明与智商存在可靠且实质性的相关性 措施，约占20%的差异， （Deary & Stough，1996）。此外，心理生理学 理论上，衡量标准比标准化更具有文化公平性 认知能力测试任务诱发的瞳孔反应已经被证明 指数“精神努力”（贝蒂，1982年），和个人具有较高的 认知能力对认知任务的瞳孔反应较低 （Ahern & Beatty，1979）.拟议项目将审查 VBM上信息处理效率之间的关系 任务和高阶一般认知能力 墨西哥裔美国人和高加索人的WAIS-R和SAT分数） 大学生文化适应水平（量表 种族经验（SEE）可能会缓和这种关系。另外通过 利用心理生理学测量（瞳孔反应）， 研究在VBM上执行过程中的认知/神经效率 任务，该项目将提供一个额外的新方法， 测量认知能力和文化之间的关系。 方法：40名白人和40名墨西哥裔美国大学生 学生将被给予视觉向后掩蔽（VBM）任务和任务- 诱发的瞳孔反应，和检测精度的任务将是 得到了信息效率指标之间的关联 处理和学生的WAIS-R和SAT成绩将被评估。 将根据种族经验量表（SEE）筛选受试者， 确保样本中广泛的文化适应。

DESCRIPTION (Applicant's abstract): The broad goal of this project is to advance our understanding of the relationship between culture and information processing efficiency. Hispanic students have typically shown a half of a standard deviation lower differential on WAIS-R scores (Suzuki, Meller, and Ponterotto, 1996) and an 80 points or more lower differential on 600-point SAT scores (Pearson, 1993) than their Caucasian counterparts. Information processing tasks are thought to be able to tap into discrete components, or stages of processing, of an individual's overall general cognitive functioning and are thought to have fewer cultural influences than other forms of cognitive testing. Saccuzzo, Johnson, and Guertin (1994) have demonstrated that measures of efficiency of information processing (i.e., the Visual Backward Masking, VBM, task) had the strongest relationship with both IQ and membership in a gifted program when compared to other information processing tasks and there were no differences in ethnicity on the VBM task. Inspection time (IT) on the VBM task has demonstrated a reliable, substantial correlation with IQ measures, accounting for approximately 20% of the variance in intelligence (Deary & Stough, 1996). Furthermore, psychophysiological measures are theorized to be more culture-fair than standardized cognitive ability tests. Task-evoked pupillary responses have been shown to index 'mental effort' (Beatty, 1982), and individuals with higher cognitive ability show lower pupillary response to cognitive tasks (Ahern & Beatty, 1979). The proposed project will examine the relationship between efficiency of information processing on the VBM task and higher-order general cognitive capacity (Satz-Mogel Abbreviated Version of the WAIS-R and SAT scores) for Mexican-American and Caucasian undergraduate students and how the level of acculturation (Scale of Ethnic Experience, SEE) may moderate this relationship. In addition, by utilizing a psychophysiological measure (pupillary responses) to investigate cognitive/neural efficiency during performance on the VBM task, this project will provide an additional novel approach to measuring the relationship between cognitive capacities and culture. METHODS: Forty Caucasian and forty Mexican-American undergraduate students will be given a visual backward masking (VBM) task and task- evoked pupillary responses, and detection accuracy on the task will be obtained. Associations between indices of efficiency of information processing and the students' WAIS-R and SAT scores will be evaluated. Subjects will be screened on the Scale of Ethnic Experience (SEE) to ensure a broad range of acculturation within the sample.