CONTRIBUTION OF NEURAL MEMORY CIRCUITS TO LANGUAGE

神经记忆回路对语言的贡献

• 批准号: 2908241
• 负责人: MICHAEL T ULLMAN
• 金额: $ 12.42万
• 依托单位: GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1999-09-30 至 2003-05-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2908241
• 关键词: Alzheimer's disease; Huntington's disease; Parkinson's disease; aphasia; attention deficit disorder; behavioral /social science research tag; brain mapping; clinical research; extrapyramidal disorder; frontal lobe /cortex; human subject; judgment; language disorders; memory; neural information processing; psycholinguistics; psychomotor function; syntax; temporal lobe /cortex disorder

The long-term objective of this project is to understand the brain bases of the mental lexicon, which contains memorized words, and the mental grammar, which contains rules that combine lexical forms into larger words, phrases, and sentences. We propose that the memorization and use of words is subserved by temporal-lobe circuits previously implicated in the learning and use of fact knowledge, whereas the acquisition and use of grammatical rules is subserved by frontal/basal-ganglia circuits previously implicated in the learning and expression of motor, perceptual, and cognitive "skills," such as riding a bicycle. Thus we posit that lexicon and grammar are linked to distinct brain systems, each of which is domain-general in that it subserves non-language as well as language domains. This novel view contrasts with the two main competing theoretical frameworks. Although we share the perspective of traditional dual-system theories in positing that lexicon and grammar are subserved by distinct systems, we diverge from these theories where they assume components dedicated (domain-specific) to each of the two capacities. Conversely, while we share with single-system theories the view that the two capacities are subserved by domain-general circuitry, we diverge from them where they link both capacities to a single system with broad anatomic distribution. To distinguish our theory from the other two, we will probe the brain bases of irregular and regular word transformations, in which lexicon and grammar can be contrasted, while other factors are held constant. Irregular forms (e.g., dig-dug) are retrieved from memory, whereas regular forms (e.g., look-looked) require a suffixation rule. We predict, and have found in our preliminary studies, links among irregulars (lexicon), facts, and temporal- lobe circuits, and among regulars (grammar), skills, and frontal/basal-ganglia circuits. Single-system models do not make this set of predictions, and traditional dual-system theories do not predict the links with fact and skill use. Patients with either temporal-lobe or frontal/basal-ganglia damage will be given tasks probing the production and judgment of irregular and regular past tense inflection, plural inflection (mice, bees), and derivational morphology (solemnity, awkwardness), as well as measures of fact and skill use. Our specific aims are to test three hypotheses by probing for double dissociations between irregulars and regulars, and between facts and skills: (1) Lexicon is linked to temporal-lobe circuits, and grammar to frontal/basal-ganglia circuits. (2) These circuits also subserve fact and skill use, respectively. (3) The basal ganglia play a similar role in motor activity and grammatical rule use.

这个项目的长期目标是了解心理词汇和心理语法的大脑基础，心理词汇包含记忆的单词，心理语法包含将联合收割机词汇形式组合成更大的单词，短语和句子的规则。 我们提出，记忆和使用的话是subserved由颞叶电路先前牵连在学习和使用的事实知识，而收购和使用的语法规则是subserved由额叶/基底神经节电路先前牵连在学习和表达的运动，知觉和认知的“技能”，如骑自行车。因此，我们认为词汇和语法与不同的大脑系统相联系，每个系统都是通用的，因为它既支持非语言领域，也支持语言领域。 这一新颖的观点与两个主要的相互竞争的理论框架形成对比。 虽然我们同意传统的双系统理论的观点，认为词汇和语法是由不同的系统所辅助的，但我们与这些理论不同，它们假设两种能力都有专用的（特定领域的）组件。 相反，虽然我们同意单系统理论的观点，认为这两种能力是由域一般电路，我们从他们的分歧，他们将这两种能力连接到一个单一的系统与广泛的解剖分布。为了将我们的理论与其他两个理论区分开来，我们将探索不规则和规则单词转换的大脑基础，其中词汇和语法可以进行对比，而其他因素保持不变。 不规则形式（例如，挖掘-挖掘）从存储器中检索，而规则形式（例如，look-looked）需要后缀规则。 我们预测并在初步研究中发现，不规则（词汇）、事实和颞叶回路之间，以及规则（语法）、技能和额叶/基底神经节回路之间存在联系。 单系统模型无法做出这样的预测，传统的双系统理论也无法预测事实和技能使用之间的联系。颞叶或额叶/基底神经节损伤的患者将被赋予任务，探索不规则和规则过去时态的变形，复数变形（小鼠，蜜蜂）和衍生形态（笨拙，笨拙）的产生和判断，以及事实和技能使用的措施。 我们的具体目标是通过探索非规则和规则之间以及事实和技能之间的双重分离来验证三个假设：（1）词汇与颞叶回路有关，语法与额/基底神经节回路有关。 (2)这些回路也分别有助于事实和技能的使用。 (3)基底神经节在运动活动和语法规则的使用中起着类似的作用。