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Sedentism and Resource Management in the Neolithic of Western Iran

伊朗西部新石器时代的定居和资源管理

基本信息

批准号：
AH/H034315/2
负责人：
Roger Matthews
金额：
$ 121.26万
依托单位：
University of Reading
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2011 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FH034315%2F2
关键词：
Sedentism Resource Management Neolithic Western

项目摘要

One of the most significant transformations in history took place after the last Ice Age, from c. 14,000 BC (all dates calibrated BC), when human communities began to settle down in villages and to exploit intensively the resources around them, including plants and animals. In time people changed from being mobile hunter-foragers to settled farmers and stock-keepers, with domesticated crops and animals. Often called the Neolithic transformation, this fundamental development in the human condition steadily spread across much of the world and led ultimately, through surplus accumulation and social differentiation, to the emergence of towns, cities, and empires, thus shaping the modern world.One region where these developments occurred early is Southwest Asia (also called the Middle East or Near East). In recent decades there has been much work on Neolithic developments in this region through excavations in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, and Israel, which have demonstrated the great variability in local trajectories of development from hunter-forager to village-farmer. One area that has not been investigated since the 1970s is Iran. Earlier work in Iran, particularly in the Zagros mountains of western Iran, was of key importance in exploring the Neolithic transformation, with excavations at sites such as Asiab, Sarab, Ali Kosh, and Ganj Dareh in the 1950s-70s. These researches indicated that Neolithic communities changed to sedentary lifestyles and began using fired ceramics, the earliest in Southwest Asia, by c. 7900 BC. Study of the plant and animal remains suggested that communities favoured use of lentils, peas, and nuts over cereals and that wild goat were intensively hunted. There was arguable evidence for domestication of goat by c. 7900 BC.Since 1979 there has been almost no fieldwork concerning the Iranian Neolithic and the evidence from this area is now decades out of date compared to the rest of Southwest Asia and beyond. There have been repeated expressions of regret that modern excavations have been unable to contribute new evidence from the Zagros to the debate on the origins of human sedentism and animal/plant exploitation and domestication.The re-opening of Iran to joint UK-Iranian research provides a valuable opportunity for investigation into the Neolithic transformation in the Zagros. The Central Zagros Archaeological Project (CZAP) is a UK-Iranian programme, focusing on the Neolithic period, run by UCL, University of Reading, and Bu Ali Sina University, Iran. Supported by the British Academy, excavations were conducted in 2008 at two Early Neolithic sites, Sheikh-e Abad and Jani, with highly productive results. 14C dates indicate that the sites were occupied from c. 10,000 to 7500 BC. The objectives are to investigate research questions within the Early Neolithic of western Iran. How did early sedentism take place and did it develop from temporary and seasonal to permanent and year-round? How was architecture constructed and how was early village space used and socialised? What was the role of ritual and human burial in social cohesion at this time? What modes of animal husbandry were employed, including intensive hunting, herding, and domestication of goats, native in the wild to the Zagros? What plant resources were exploited and how? What is the absolute chronology of development in the Zagros Neolithic? These questions will be addressed through excavation at the sites of Sheikh-e Abad and Jani.Results from this research will be of value in situating the Iranian Zagros within the Neolithic transformation in Southwest Asia, and will serve as a model for the application of inter-disciplinary approaches to archaeological questions. The research will assist in placing our own species within a rich context of ecological and social change that characterised the Neolithic transformation following the end of the last Ice Age, one of the most impactful episodes in human history.

历史上最重要的转变之一发生在最后一次冰河时代之后，从公元前2000年到公元前2000年。公元前14，000年（所有日期均以公元前为准），人类社区开始在村庄定居，并集中开发周围的资源，包括植物和动物。随着时间的推移，人们从移动的狩猎采集者转变为定居的农民和畜牧者，种植驯化的作物和动物。这一人类社会的基本发展过程通常被称为新石器时代转型，它稳步地扩展到世界的大部分地区，并最终通过剩余积累和社会分化，导致了城镇、城市和帝国的出现，从而塑造了现代世界。西南亚（也称为中东或近东）是这些发展最早发生的地区之一。近几十年来，通过在土耳其、伊拉克、叙利亚、约旦和以色列的发掘，人们对这一地区的新石器时代发展进行了大量研究，这些研究表明，从狩猎采集者到乡村农民，当地的发展轨迹存在很大的差异。自20世纪70年代以来，伊朗一直没有被调查过。伊朗早期的工作，特别是在伊朗西部的扎格罗斯山脉，对探索新石器时代的转变至关重要，在20世纪50年代至70年代在Asiab，Sarab，Ali科什和Ganj Dareh等遗址进行了挖掘。这些研究表明，新石器时代的社区改变了定居的生活方式，并开始使用烧制陶瓷，最早在西南亚，由c。公元前7900年对植物和动物遗骸的研究表明，社区更喜欢使用扁豆、豌豆和坚果，而不是谷物，野山羊被大量猎杀。山羊被C.自1979年以来，几乎没有关于伊朗新石器时代的田野工作，与西南亚其他地区和其他地区相比，该地区的证据已经过时了几十年。人们一再表示遗憾的是，现代发掘未能为关于人类sedentism和动物/植物开发和驯化起源的辩论提供新的证据。伊朗重新开放联合英国-伊朗研究为调查扎格罗斯的新石器时代转变提供了宝贵的机会。中央扎格罗斯考古项目（CZAP）是一个英国-伊朗项目，重点是新石器时代，由伦敦大学学院，阅读大学和伊朗布阿里西纳大学运营。在英国科学院的支持下，2008年在Sheikh-e Abad和Jani两个新石器时代早期遗址进行了挖掘，取得了丰硕成果。14 C日期表明，该网站被占领，从C。公元前10,000年到7500年。目的是调查伊朗西部新石器时代早期的研究问题。早期的sedentism是如何发生的，它是从暂时的和季节性的发展到永久的和全年的？建筑是如何建造的，早期的村庄空间是如何使用和社会化的？在当时的社会凝聚力中，仪式和人葬的作用是什么？采用了什么样的畜牧业模式，包括密集狩猎、放牧和驯养扎格罗斯野生山羊？开发了哪些植物资源，如何开发？扎格罗斯新石器时代发展的绝对年表是什么？这些问题将通过在Sheikh-e Abad和Jani遗址的挖掘来解决。这项研究的结果将对确定伊朗扎格罗斯在西南亚新石器时代的转变具有价值，并将作为跨学科方法应用于考古问题的模型。这项研究将有助于将我们自己的物种置于生态和社会变化的丰富背景中，这些变化是上一个冰河时代结束后新石器时代转变的特征，这是人类历史上最具影响力的事件之一。