States of Clay: Integrated Scientific Approaches to Clay Bureaucratic Objects from Early Mesopotamia, 3700-2700 BCE
粘土状态:公元前 3700-2700 年早期美索不达米亚粘土官僚物品的综合科学方法
基本信息
- 批准号:AH/X001717/1
- 负责人:
- 金额:$ 34.74万
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:英国
- 项目类别:Research Grant
- 财政年份:2023
- 资助国家:英国
- 起止时间:2023 至 无数据
- 项目状态:未结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
The world's first system of bureaucratic recording was developed during 3700-2700 BCE by the societies of ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq and NE Syria). In the context of the development of the earliest cities and states, elite groups used sophisticated recording methods to control the production, storage and redistribution of many commodities, including land, crops, animals, people and other resources. Fortunately for the archaeologist and historian, the physical medium employed by these early bureaucrats was clay, which they modelled into three major forms: (1) tokens used in counting, (2) sealings bearing seal impressions, used to secure storage facilities such as pots, baskets and storeroom doors, and (3) tablets bearing seal impressions, number signs and pictographic signs in the so-called proto-cuneiform style. This integrated system of counting, sealing, and writing with clay was so successful that it endured for more than 3000 years as the bureaucratic framework across Mesopotamia and adjacent regions of the ancient Near East. In the States of Clay project, we propose for the first time to develop and apply an integrated scientific methodology to the full spectrum of clay bureaucratic objects, or CBOs, to maximise their interpretive potential for understanding early urban and state level societies of Mesopotamia. Our focus is on the millennium 3700-2700 BCE, when major sites such as Uruk (often cited as 'the world's first city'), Ur, Jemdet Nasr, Fara, Brak, Nineveh and many others rose to prominence within networks of interregional engagement across Mesopotamia and adjacent regions. While all these centres used CBOs to administer their resources in a range of ways, they each developed divergent patterns of CBO usage through space and time. In this project we propose to articulate these patterns of clay use across a thousand years of urban rise and fall, region by region. In so doing we will address major societal issues, including (1) the significance of gender in use of CBOs, considering new evidence for a major role for females within ancient bureaucracy, (2) the choice and use of clays for specific roles city by city across Mesopotamia, interrogating evidence for mobility of CBOs within and between contemporary settlements, and (3) the associations of CBOs with contextual evidence relating to their use, including within domestic households and within higher status contexts such as temples and palaces. To address these issues, we will apply a highly innovative methodology, synthesised through a GIS-related database and interpretive Network Analysis, which will maximise the combined potential of a range of scientific approaches to CBOs. We propose to study a total of 6500 CBOs housed principally in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin and in other museum collections in Germany, Iraq, Holland and the UK. Our methods will comprise: (1) recording of CBO attributes, including archaeological context, seal impression iconography, fingerprints, textual content, and evidence for function; (2) application of high-resolution imaging to CBOs for reconstruction of details such as fingerprints (indicators of age and sex) and fragmentary seal impressions; (3) a range of archaeometric analyses of CBO clays, including portable x-ray fluorescence and destructive analyses of tiny clay fragments from selected CBOs, plus microscopic analysis of micro-fauna and micro-flora within the clays to build up a reference library of clays city by city, region by region; (4) use of Network Analysis through a GIS-database to generate and interpret divergent and shifting patterns of usage of CBOs in spatial and chronological patterns across the study sites and regions, addressing the societal issues articulated in the preceding paragraph. Finally, the project's results and interpretations will be publicly shared both as Open Access research resources, and as an online exhibition hosted by the German Digital Library.
公元前3700-2700年,世界上第一个官方记录系统由古代美索不达米亚(伊拉克和叙利亚东北部)的社会发展起来。在最早的城市和国家发展的背景下,精英集团使用复杂的记录方法来控制许多商品的生产,储存和重新分配,包括土地,作物,动物,人和其他资源。对考古学家和历史学家来说,幸运的是,这些早期官僚使用的物理媒介是粘土,他们将其建模为三种主要形式:(1)用于计数的令牌,(2)带有印章的印章,用于保护存储设施,如罐,篮子和储藏室门,以及(3)带有印章,数字符号和所谓的原始楔形文字风格的象形符号的石板。这种集计数、密封和粘土书写于一体的系统是如此成功,以至于它作为横跨美索不达米亚和古代近东邻近地区的官僚体系持续了3000多年。在粘土项目的国家,我们首次提出开发和应用一个综合的科学方法,以全方位的粘土官僚对象,或CBO,以最大限度地提高他们的解释潜力,了解早期城市和国家一级的社会美索不达米亚。我们的重点是公元前3700-2700年,当主要网站,如图帕克(通常被称为“世界上第一个城市”),乌尔,Jemdet Nasr,法拉,布拉克,尼尼微和许多其他上升到突出的跨区域间的参与网络在美索不达米亚和邻近地区。虽然所有这些中心都使用社区组织以各种方式管理其资源,但它们在空间和时间上都形成了不同的社区组织使用模式。在这个项目中,我们建议将这些粘土的使用模式在一千年的城市兴衰中一个地区一个地区地表达出来。在这样做的时候,我们将解决主要的社会问题,包括(1)性别在使用CBO的意义,考虑女性在古代官僚机构中的主要作用的新证据,(2)在美索不达米亚的城市中选择和使用特定角色的粘土,询问当代定居点内和之间CBO流动性的证据,以及(3)社区组织与其使用相关的背景证据的关联,包括家庭内部和更高地位的背景,如寺庙和宫殿。为了解决这些问题,我们将采用一种高度创新的方法,通过GIS相关的数据库和解释性网络分析进行综合,这将最大限度地发挥一系列科学方法对CBO的综合潜力。我们建议研究共6500 CBO主要安置在Vorderasiatisches博物馆柏林和其他博物馆收藏在德国,伊拉克,荷兰和英国。我们的方法将包括:(1)记录CBO属性,包括考古背景、印章印记图像、指纹、文本内容和功能证据;(2)将高分辨率成像应用于CBO,以重建指纹等细节(年龄和性别的指标)和残缺不全的印章印记;(3)CBO粘土的一系列考古学分析,包括便携式X射线荧光和对选定CBO的微小粘土碎片的破坏性分析,再加上对粘土中的微生物和微生物进行微观分析,以建立一个逐个城市、逐个地区的粘土参考图书馆;(4)通过GIS使用网络分析-数据库,以生成和解释跨研究中心和区域的空间和时间模式中的社区组织使用的不同和变化模式,解决上段所述的社会问题。最后,该项目的结果和解释将作为开放获取研究资源和德国数字图书馆主办的在线展览公开共享。
项目成果
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Roger Matthews其他文献
Street prostitution: Ten facts in search of a policy
- DOI:
10.1016/s0194-6595(05)80005-x - 发表时间:
1995-12-01 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:
- 作者:
Catherine Benson;Roger Matthews - 通讯作者:
Roger Matthews
Sheep and goat management in the Early Neolithic in the Zagros region (8000–5000 BC): New zooarchaeological and isotopic evidence from Ganj Dareh, Bestansur and Jarmo
- DOI:
10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103936 - 发表时间:
2023-06-01 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:
- 作者:
Donna de Groene;Robin Bendrey;Gundula Müldner;Alex Coogan;Roger Matthews - 通讯作者:
Roger Matthews
Taking realist criminology seriously
- DOI:
10.1007/bf00728740 - 发表时间:
1987-01-01 - 期刊:
- 影响因子:1.300
- 作者:
Roger Matthews - 通讯作者:
Roger Matthews
Roger Matthews的其他文献
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{{ truncateString('Roger Matthews', 18)}}的其他基金
Heritage and Ecotourism for Sustainable Development in Iraqi Kurdistan
遗产和生态旅游促进伊拉克库尔德斯坦的可持续发展
- 批准号:
AH/W006790/1 - 财政年份:2021
- 资助金额:
$ 34.74万 - 项目类别:
Research Grant
The Islington Crime Survey: Thirty Years On
伊斯灵顿犯罪调查:三十年过去
- 批准号:
ES/N00468X/1 - 财政年份:2015
- 资助金额:
$ 34.74万 - 项目类别:
Research Grant
Sedentism and Resource Management in the Neolithic of Western Iran
伊朗西部新石器时代的定居和资源管理
- 批准号:
AH/H034315/2 - 财政年份:2011
- 资助金额:
$ 34.74万 - 项目类别:
Research Grant
Sedentism and Resource Management in the Neolithic of Western Iran
伊朗西部新石器时代的定居和资源管理
- 批准号:
AH/H034315/1 - 财政年份:2010
- 资助金额:
$ 34.74万 - 项目类别:
Research Grant
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