Authorship, originality and innovation in Tibetan Scriptural Revelations: A case study from the Dudjom Corpus.

《藏传经典启示录》的作者身份、原创性与创新性：以敦珠语料库为例。

• 批准号: AH/H039805/1
• 负责人: Vesna Wallace
• 金额: $ 42.35万
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FH039805%2F1
• 关键词: Authorship; originality; innovation; Tibetan; Scriptural

Modern Tibetologists habitually refer to 'authors' of religious texts or to 'visionary revealers' of scriptures (gter-ston), yet they remain uncomfortably aware that terms such as 'author' and 'revealer' do not necessarily mean to Tibetans what they imply in modern Western parlance. In truth, a considerable proportion of Tibetan religious literature is de facto produced collectively, rather than individually. Much is also recycled, often through the potentially transformative medium of memorisation. Larger disciplines, notably medieval Hebraic studies, have in recent decades arrived at sophisticated understandings of the interactions of memorisation and written text, and the communal construction along an anthological model of anonymous literature by scribes and scholars acting as 'tradents'. Yet, in the absence of such work in Tibetan Studies, Tibetanists still generally present the untenable convention of a single authorial attribution, as though describing modern Western literature. This solecism is especially acute when applied to mystically revealed literature (gter-ma), a very powerful genre in Tibetan religion, where close analysis shows much of it to be de facto collectively produced. Previous study of revelation (gter-ma) has focused heavily on the initial and sometimes theatrical revelatory process of the individual visionary, generally unreflectively crediting him with sole authorial status of the resulting texts. We propose to contextualise this by focusing on the laborious 'backstage' processes of the subsequent editing, writing up and later expansion of the revelation. This crucial and tightly controlled procedure, which typically draws upon a large amount of pre-existing literature, requires a skilful balance between innovation and tradition. It can often employ several greatly learned people gradually to transform what might often only be a very rudimentary text revealed by a mystic, into a large scale finished literary product ready for public consumption. Our project will be the first ever such investigation into what revelation and authorship actually entail in Tibetan Buddhism, and as such, it is long overdue. We intend to take as a case study the extremely influential revealed literature on the tantric deity, rDo-rje Phur-pa, produced by Dudjom Rinpoche (bDud-'joms 'jigs-bral ye-shes rdo- rje, 1904-1987). Dudjom was a visionary revealer himself and a prolific scholar who wrote or edited texts for a number of different revelatory traditions, including his own and those of his predecessor, Dudjom Lingpa (1835-1904), as well as his elder contemporaries Zilnon Namkhai Dorje (Zil-gnon nam-mkha'i rdo-rje, born c. 1867) and Drakngak Lingpa (Drag-sngags gling-pa, 1871-1936), and on the invitation of the Bhutanese, those of Pema Lingpa (Padma gling-pa, 15th-16th century). He also codified the transmitted textual heritage of the rNying-ma school, and he produced one of the most vibrant and popular Tibetan revealed ritual traditions today. The focus on this single polymath thus encompasses not only the Dudjom revelatory tradition but three quite separate revelatory traditions also, which may provide contrasting cases. The example is particularly accessible to us because of the availability of the texts, and because we are able to consult the first generation of Dudjom's inner circle of students. To analyse minutely the components of this revealed literature and to expose the many and often laborious processes of its gradual maturation will help provide a much truer picture of the broader principles and practices in the creation of new Tibetan scriptures. Since contemporary Tibetan revelatory methods preserve features of great antiquity that were used in India and many other parts of Asia, this research may also contribute to understanding the vast genre of Buddhist scriptural revelation in general, and will mark the first in a series of such investigations.

现代藏学家习惯性地提到宗教典籍的“作者”或经文的“有远见的启示者”（gter-ston），但他们仍然不安地意识到，“作者”和“启示者”等术语对藏人来说，并不一定意味着现代西方用语中的含义。事实上，相当一部分西藏宗教文献事实上是集体创作的，而不是个人创作的。很多东西也被循环利用，通常是通过记忆这种潜在的变革媒介。更大的学科，特别是中世纪的希伯来语研究，在最近几十年里已经达到了记忆和书面文本的相互作用，以及共同建设沿着由抄写员和学者作为“商人”的匿名文学选集模型的复杂理解。然而，由于藏学研究中没有这样的作品，藏学家们仍然普遍提出了一种站不住脚的单一作者归属的惯例，就好像描述现代西方文学一样。当应用于神秘启示文学（gter-ma）时，这种亵渎尤其尖锐，这是西藏宗教中一种非常强大的类型，仔细分析表明其中大部分事实上是集体创作的。以前的启示研究（gter-ma）主要集中在最初的，有时是戏剧性的启示过程中的个人幻想，一般不假思索地归功于他唯一的作者地位的结果文本。我们建议通过关注随后的编辑，写作和后来的启示扩展的艰苦的“后台”过程来将其置于背景中。这一关键且严格控制的程序通常借鉴了大量现有文献，需要在创新和传统之间保持巧妙的平衡。它经常可以雇用几个非常博学的人，逐渐地把一个神秘主义者揭示的一个非常初级的文本，变成一个大规模的文学成品，供公众消费。我们的项目将是有史以来第一次对藏传佛教中的启示和作者身份进行调查，因此，它早就应该进行了。我们打算把由敦珠仁波切（bDud-'joms'jigs-bral ye-shes rdo- rje，1904-1987）制作的关于密宗神rDo-rje Phur-pa的极具影响力的启示文献作为一个案例研究。都卓本人是一位有远见的启示者，也是一位多产的学者，他为许多不同的启示传统撰写或编辑文本，包括他自己的和他的前任都卓林巴（1835-1904年），以及他的前辈齐农·南凯多杰（Zilnon nam-mkha 'i rdo-rje，出生于公元1800年）。1867年）和Drakngak Lingpa（Drag-sngags gling-pa，1871-1936年），并在不丹的邀请，那些Pema Lingpa（帕德玛gling-pa，15 - 16世纪）。他还编纂了宁玛派传承下来的文字遗产，并制作了当今最具活力和最受欢迎的西藏揭示仪式传统之一。因此，对这一单一博学者的关注不仅包括杜庄启示传统，而且还包括三个完全独立的启示传统，这可能提供对比的情况。这个例子对我们来说是特别容易理解的，因为文本的可用性，因为我们能够咨询Dudjom的第一代核心学生。仔细分析这部启示文献的组成部分，并揭示其逐渐成熟的许多往往是艰苦的过程，将有助于提供一个更真实的画面，更广泛的原则和实践，在创造新的西藏经文。由于当代藏人的启示方法保留了印度和亚洲许多其他地区所使用的古老特征，这项研究也可能有助于理解佛教经典启示的广泛类型，并将标志着一系列此类调查的第一次。

项目成果

Reincarnation and Personal Identity in The Lives of Tibetan Masters: Linking the Revelations of Three Lamas of the Dudjom Tradition

西藏大师一生中的转世与个人身份：将敦珠派三位喇嘛的启示联系起来

• DOI: 10.1080/14484528.2019.1622392
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Life Writing
• 影响因子: 0.4
• 作者: Cantwell C

Authors and Editors in the Literary Traditions of Asian Buddhism

亚洲佛教文学传统的作者和编辑

• 发表时间: 2015
• 作者: Cantwell, C

Re-presenting a Famous Revelation: Dudjom Rinpoche's Work on the Ultra Secret Razor Lifeforce Vajrakilaya (yang gsang srog gi spu gri) of Pema Lingpa (padma gling pa, 1450-1521)

重述著名的启示：敦珠仁波切对贝玛林巴（padma gling pa，1450-1521）的超秘密剃刀生命力金刚橛（yang gsang srog gi spu gri）的研究

• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: Buddhist Studies Review
• 影响因子: 0.3
• 作者: Cantwell, C

Different kinds of composition/compilation within the Dudjom Revelatory tradition

敦珠启示录传统中的不同类型的作曲/编纂

• 发表时间: 2015
• 期刊: Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
• 作者: Cantwell, C

Dudjom Rinpoche's Vajrakilaya Works: A Study in Authoring, Compiling, and Editing Texts in the Tibetan Revelatory Tradition

敦珠仁波切的金刚橛著作：西藏启示传统的创作、编译和编辑文本研究

• DOI: 10.1558/isbn.9781781797617
• 发表时间: 2020
• 作者: Cantwell C