Into the Wilderness: William Sancroft and the Laudian Church of England, 1633-93

英国短暂的17世纪（约1630 - 1690）是由英国教会两种不同观点之间的冲突而形成的。大主教威廉·劳德和他的支持者谴责他们认为16世纪的改革者对英格兰教会的歪曲，这些改革者太急于拒绝中世纪天主教过去的所有方面。清教徒和他们不信奉国教的后裔强烈反对劳德纲领，认为这只不过是回到罗马的一个驿站。在17世纪30年代和80年代，劳迪亚人经历了两个伟大的傲慢时期，随后是涅墨西斯的两次猛烈攻击：17世纪40年代的内战和1688年的革命。这两个高潮的结果是严重的创伤和变化，为建立教会和整个国家。这将是拟议中的研究的目的，连接这些深刻的重要动荡，在英国生活中使用的职业生涯威廉桑克罗夫特作为一个分析工具。桑克罗夫特去了剑桥作为一个学生在1633年，这一年威廉劳德成为大主教的坎特伯雷，并死于1693年，而编辑劳德的日记出版。在一场对他来说远非“光荣”的革命之后，他被剥夺了大主教的职位，这种做法成了一种安慰。在此期间的60年里，他经历了驱逐和流放，然后通过恢复的英国教会的神职人员等级制度迅速上升。他是剑桥学院的院长（伊曼纽尔），两个大教堂（约克和圣保罗大教堂）的院长，后来在1678年至1690年间出人意料地成为大都会。除了这个世俗的成功，桑克罗夫特也是一个专门的学者，积累了一个私人图书馆的6000多卷，这仍然是现存的剑桥。对于所有这些索赔的历史关注，一直没有完整的长度出版的传记桑克罗夫特自1821年以来。历史学家们已经掠夺了大量的他的信件档案，这些信件保存在博德利图书馆，但由于其庞大和复杂性，他们对这个人的研究望而却步。拟议中的研究不能指望是一个全面的帐户桑克罗夫特的生活。相反，它将集中在他在17世纪30年代和17世纪90年代之间的宗教政治中的作用。它的形状将由桑克罗夫特职业生涯的三个关键阶段决定：他在17世纪60年代和70年代为重建英国教会所做的贡献;他在17世纪80年代作为坎特伯雷大主教的主导地位;以及他作为一名脾气暴躁的高级神职人员在一个非这是一个令人不安的教堂，证明了那些在1688年后适应新政权的人的肉中刺。然而，至关重要的是，连接他生命中这些阶段的线索可以在他复辟之前的生活中找到。他成长的17世纪30年代的主要知识环境是劳德对一个有序、强大和美丽的英格兰教会的愿景，这个教会将团结国王的臣民，忠实地服从上帝和他在地球上的最高统治者。出生的不幸确保了桑克罗夫特在1642年英国内战开始前接受了神职。结果，他成长到成熟的世界突然颠倒过来，迫使他做出不确定和沮丧的反应。作为17世纪80年代的大都会主教，桑克罗夫特试图通过第二次内部改革和对异议人士的大力迫害来巩固英国教会的重建。他的成功和失败在1688/1689年的革命危机中发挥了至关重要的作用，他对教会的看法被一扫而空。1692年，他痛苦地回忆起自己在四十年内第二次被赶进“荒野”的事实。

England's short seventeenth century (c.1630-c.1690) was given shape by the conflict between two different visions of the Church of England. Archbishop William Laud and his supporters decried what they saw as the deformation of the Church of England by those sixteenth-century reformers who had been too eager to reject all aspects of the medieval Catholic past. Puritans and their nonconformist descendants vehemently opposed the Laudian programme as representing nothing less than a staging-post back to Rome. The Laudians experienced two great periods of hubris in the 1630s and 1680s, followed by two fierce assaults by Nemesis: the civil wars of the 1640s and the revolution of 1688. The outcome of both of the climacterics was severe trauma and change for the established church and the nation at large. It will be the purpose of the proposed study to connect these profoundly important upheavals in English life by using the career of William Sancroft as an analytical tool. Sancroft went up to Cambridge as a student in 1633, the year that William Laud became archbishop of Canterbury, and died in 1693 whilst editing Laud's diary for publication. This exercise had become a form of consolation after being deprived of the archbishopric in the wake of a revolution that was for him very far from 'glorious'. During the intervening sixty years he had endured ejection and exile before rising rapidly through the clerical hierarchy of the restored Church of England. He was master of a Cambridge college (Emmanuel), and dean of two cathedrals (York and St Paul's) before unexpectedly rising to be metropolitan between 1678 and 1690. Besides this worldly success, Sancroft was also a dedicated scholar, amassing a private library of more than 6000 volumes which is still extant in Cambridge. For all these claims to historical attention, there has been no full-length published biography of Sancroft since 1821. Historians have plundered the vast archive of his correspondence that survives in the Bodleian Library, but been deterred from a study of the man by its bulk and complexity. The proposed study cannot hope to be a comprehensive account of Sancroft's life. Instead it will focus on his role in the politics of religion between the 1630s and 1690s. Its shape will be determined by the three key phases of Sancroft's career: his contribution to efforts to rebuild the Church of England in the 1660s and 1670s; his dominant position as archbishop of Canterbury in the 1680s; and his frustrated final years as the irascible senior cleric within a non-juring church that proved a persistent thorn in the flesh of those who had accommodated themselves to the new regime after 1688. Crucially, though, the thread that connects these phases of his life can be found in his life before the Restoration. The dominant intellectual milieu of the 1630s within which he grew up was Laud's vision of an orderly, powerful, and beautiful Church of England that would unite the king's subjects in dutiful obedience to God and his supreme governor on earth. The misfortunes of birth ensured that Sancroft took holy orders just before the start of the English civil wars in 1642. As a result, the world in which he had grown to maturity was abruptly turned upside down, forcing him to react to disestablishment and dejection. As metropolitan in the 1680s Sancroft would attempt to consolidate the re-establishment of the Church of England through a second Laudian programme of internal reform and vigorous persecution of dissent. The extent of both his success and failure would play a vital role in the revolutionary crisis of 1688/9 that saw his vision of the church swept away. In 1692 he reflected bitterly on the fact that he had been driven 'into the wilderness' for the second time in forty years.