Into the Wilderness: William Sancroft and the Laudian Church of England, 1633-93

走进荒野：威廉·桑克罗夫特和英格兰劳迪安教会，1633-93 年

• 批准号: AH/I000550/1
• 负责人: Grant Peter Tapsell
• 金额: $ 4.04万
• 依托单位: University of St Andrews
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FI000550%2F1
• 关键词: Into; Wilderness; William; Sancroft; Laudian

England's short seventeenth century (c.1630-c.1690) was given shape by the conflict between two different visions of the Church of England. Archbishop William Laud and his supporters decried what they saw as the deformation of the Church of England by those sixteenth-century reformers who had been too eager to reject all aspects of the medieval Catholic past. Puritans and their nonconformist descendants vehemently opposed the Laudian programme as representing nothing less than a staging-post back to Rome. The Laudians experienced two great periods of hubris in the 1630s and 1680s, followed by two fierce assaults by Nemesis: the civil wars of the 1640s and the revolution of 1688. The outcome of both of the climacterics was severe trauma and change for the established church and the nation at large. It will be the purpose of the proposed study to connect these profoundly important upheavals in English life by using the career of William Sancroft as an analytical tool. Sancroft went up to Cambridge as a student in 1633, the year that William Laud became archbishop of Canterbury, and died in 1693 whilst editing Laud's diary for publication. This exercise had become a form of consolation after being deprived of the archbishopric in the wake of a revolution that was for him very far from 'glorious'. During the intervening sixty years he had endured ejection and exile before rising rapidly through the clerical hierarchy of the restored Church of England. He was master of a Cambridge college (Emmanuel), and dean of two cathedrals (York and St Paul's) before unexpectedly rising to be metropolitan between 1678 and 1690. Besides this worldly success, Sancroft was also a dedicated scholar, amassing a private library of more than 6000 volumes which is still extant in Cambridge. For all these claims to historical attention, there has been no full-length published biography of Sancroft since 1821. Historians have plundered the vast archive of his correspondence that survives in the Bodleian Library, but been deterred from a study of the man by its bulk and complexity. The proposed study cannot hope to be a comprehensive account of Sancroft's life. Instead it will focus on his role in the politics of religion between the 1630s and 1690s. Its shape will be determined by the three key phases of Sancroft's career: his contribution to efforts to rebuild the Church of England in the 1660s and 1670s; his dominant position as archbishop of Canterbury in the 1680s; and his frustrated final years as the irascible senior cleric within a non-juring church that proved a persistent thorn in the flesh of those who had accommodated themselves to the new regime after 1688. Crucially, though, the thread that connects these phases of his life can be found in his life before the Restoration. The dominant intellectual milieu of the 1630s within which he grew up was Laud's vision of an orderly, powerful, and beautiful Church of England that would unite the king's subjects in dutiful obedience to God and his supreme governor on earth. The misfortunes of birth ensured that Sancroft took holy orders just before the start of the English civil wars in 1642. As a result, the world in which he had grown to maturity was abruptly turned upside down, forcing him to react to disestablishment and dejection. As metropolitan in the 1680s Sancroft would attempt to consolidate the re-establishment of the Church of England through a second Laudian programme of internal reform and vigorous persecution of dissent. The extent of both his success and failure would play a vital role in the revolutionary crisis of 1688/9 that saw his vision of the church swept away. In 1692 he reflected bitterly on the fact that he had been driven 'into the wilderness' for the second time in forty years.

英国短暂的十七世纪（约1630年至约1690年）是由英国国教两种不同愿景之间的冲突所形成的。大主教威廉·劳德和他的支持者谴责那些十六世纪的改革者对英国国教的扭曲，他们太急于拒绝中世纪天主教过去的各个方面。清教徒及其不墨守成规的后代强烈反对劳迪安计划，认为它只不过是返回罗马的一个中转站。劳迪亚人在 1630 年代和 1680 年代经历了两次伟大的傲慢时期，随后又经历了两次复仇女神的猛烈攻击：1640 年代的内战和 1688 年的革命。这两次高潮的结果都是对现有教会和整个国家的严重创伤和变化。本研究的目的是通过使用威廉·桑克罗夫特的职业生涯作为分析工具，将英国生活中这些极其重要的剧变联系起来。 1633 年，威廉·劳德 (William Laud) 成为坎特伯雷大主教，桑克罗夫特于 1633 年前往剑桥求学，并于 1693 年在编辑劳德的日记以供出版时去世。在一场对他来说远非“光荣”的革命后被剥夺大主教职位后，这种做法已成为一种安慰。在此期间的六十年里，他经历了驱逐和流放，然后在恢复的英国国教的神职等级中迅速崛起。在 1678 年至 1690 年间出人意料地晋升为都主教之前，他曾担任剑桥学院（以马内利学院）院长和两座大教堂（约克大教堂和圣保罗大教堂）的院长。除了这一世俗的成功之外，桑克罗夫特还是一位热心的学者，拥有一座藏书 6000 多册的私人图书馆，至今仍保存在剑桥。尽管所有这些都引起了历史的关注，但自 1821 年以来，还没有完整出版的桑克罗夫特传记。历史学家们掠夺了博德利图书馆保存下来的桑克罗夫特的大量信件档案，但由于其庞大和复杂而阻止了对这个人的研究。拟议的研究不可能全面描述桑克罗夫特的一生。相反，它将重点关注他在 1630 年代至 1690 年代宗教政治中的角色。它的形状将由桑克罗夫特职业生涯的三个关键阶段决定：他对 1660 年代和 1670 年代重建英国国教的贡献；他在 1680 年代作为坎特伯雷大主教的统治地位；他作为一名无陪审团教会的脾气暴躁的高级神职人员的最后几年受挫，这对那些在 1688 年之后适应新政权的人来说是一个持久的肉中刺。不过，至关重要的是，连接他人生这些阶段的线索可以在他复辟之前的生活中找到。劳德成长于 1630 年代的主流知识分子环境中，他的愿景是建立一个有序、强大且美丽的英格兰教会，它将团结国王的臣民，尽职地服从上帝和他在地球上的最高统治者。出生的不幸使得桑克罗夫特在1642年英国内战爆发前夕接受了圣职。结果，他成长的世界突然发生了天翻地覆的变化，迫使他做出了瓦解和沮丧的反应。作为 1680 年代的都主教，桑克罗夫特试图通过第二个劳德计划的内部改革和对异见的严厉迫害来巩固英国国教的重建。他的成功和失败的程度在 1688/9 年的革命危机中发挥了至关重要的作用，这场危机见证了他对教会的愿景被扫除。 1692年，他痛苦地反思了自己四十年来第二次被赶到“荒野”的事实。