Bronze Age Carian Iasos: Structures, Stratigraphy, and Finds from the area of the Late Roman Agora (ca. 3000-1500 BC)

Iasos是一个广泛的多时期遗址，位于土耳其西南部海岸，自古以来就位于一个被称为Caria的地区。它是土耳其西部为数不多的几个有大量史前占领证据的定居点之一，特别是在公元前2000年(中晚期青铜时代)。它于1960年至1984年由Doro Levi和Clelia Laviosa首次挖掘，他们的工作表明Iasos从公元4世纪末(Chalcolithic)到中世纪时期一直被占领。特别是关于公元前2000年，利维和拉维奥萨表示，该遗址的居民与爱琴海群岛，特别是与克里特岛的米诺安人有密切的联系。令人联想到米诺斯建筑的建筑的发现，大量米诺斯人的发现--包括当地制造和进口的卡马雷斯器皿--克里特岛(约公元前1900-1700年)旧宫时期的标志性建筑之一--再加上后来希腊来源(如修昔底德)对米诺斯海帝国和爱琴海殖民的描述，促使Levi和Laviosa提出Iasos是那个早期时期的米诺斯殖民地。此外，大量当地生产的迈锡尼瓷器的发现表明，伊索斯与爱琴海世界之间的密切互动一直持续到青铜时代(约公元前1100年)结束。尽管Iasos的挖掘工作在半个世纪前就开始了，但这个遗址在很大程度上仍然没有公布。除了一本关于青铜时代早期墓地的专著(发表于1984年)外，利维和拉维奥萨关于史前伊索斯的出版物都是简短的论文，这些论文只说明了他们发现的一小部分发现。1999年至2004年，申请人与多所大学和研究机构的几位同事一起收集了现存的相关档案材料(如挖掘日记簿和平面图)，并对这些发现和建筑进行了更系统的研究(包括陶瓷、黑铁矿和火山灰的取样)。通过这项工作，关于青铜时代Iasos的更丰富和可靠的信息出现了：这挑战了以前对该遗址的解释，提供了与其聚落历史和贸易网络相关的新的有趣数据。例如，对青铜时代中晚期陶器的研究表明，利维和拉维奥萨描述的卡马雷斯陶器属于较晚的、相对鲜为人知的陶器类别，其中大部分(如果不是全部)是在科斯岛生产的--这一发现削弱了最初对伊索斯的解释，即可以追溯到旧宫时期的米诺斯殖民地。此外，从罗得岛、塞克拉迪斯群岛以及爱琴海和安纳托利亚其他地区进口的相当数量的陶瓷首次被发现。最后，从圣托里尼青铜时代喷发中发现了一层以前未被发现的火山灰，这对于伊索斯青铜时代序列的年代学和研究圣托里尼喷发及其在地中海东部的影响意义重大。最近在各种爱琴海岛屿上的定居点，如基瑟拉岛、瑟拉岛和萨莫特拉基岛，以及地中海东部的几个遗址，如泰尔卡布里(以色列)、阿瓦里斯(埃及)、米利都和圣埃斯梅(土耳其西部)，最近的新发现或对旧发掘进行的重新评估，引发了人们对“米诺阿纳化”和第二个千年贸易网络的新兴趣。这份出版物将提供与这些主题相关的重要的新证据。

Iasos is an extensive multi-period site located on the coast of SW Turkey, in a region known as Caria since antiquity. It is one of the few settlements in Western Turkey that has yielded substantial evidence of prehistoric occupation, especially for the 2nd millennium BC (Middle-Late Bronze Age). It was first excavated between 1960 and 1984 by Doro Levi and Clelia Laviosa, whose work indicated that Iasos was occupied from the late 4th millennium (Chalcolithic) till the medieval period. Concerning the 2nd millennium BC, in particular, Levi and Laviosa suggested that the site's inhabitants enjoyed close contacts with the Aegean islands, and especially with Minoan Crete. The discovery of buildings reminiscent of Minoan architecture, the presence of abundant Minoan finds - including locally made and imported 'Kamares' ware, one of the hall-marks of the Old Palace period in Crete (ca. 1900-1700 BC) - combined with accounts in later Greek sources (e.g. Thucydides) of a Minoan sea-empire and colonization of the Aegean, prompted Levi and Laviosa to suggest that Iasos was a Minoan colony going back to that early period. In addition, the discovery of large quantities of locally produced Mycenaean wares showed that close interactions between Iasos and the Aegean world continued until the end of the Bronze Age (ca. 1100 BC). Although excavations at Iasos started half a century ago, this site remains largely unpublished. With the exception of a monograph on an Early Bronze Age cemetery (which appeared in 1984), publications on prehistoric Iasos by Levi and Laviosa consisted of short papers, which illustrated only a small fraction of the finds they discovered. Between 1999 and 2004 the applicant, together with several colleagues from various universities and research institutes, gathered the surviving relevant archival material (e.g. excavation day-books and plans) and carried out a more systematic study of the finds and architecture (including sampling of ceramics, obsidian, and volcanic ash). With this work, more abundant and reliable information on Bronze Age Iasos has emerged: this challenges previous interpretations of the site, by offering new intriguing data relevant to its settlement history and trade networks. For example, work on Middle-Late Bronze Age ceramics has shown that the 'Kamares' ware described by Levi and Laviosa belongs to a later, relatively little known class of pottery, much (if not all) of which was produced on the island of Kos - a discovery that undermines the original interpretation of Iasos as a Minoan colony going back to the Old Palace period. In addition, Melian obsidian and a considerable number of ceramic imports from Rhodes, the Cyclades as well as other Aegean and Anatolian regions have been identified for the first time. Finally, the discovery of a previously unrecognized layer of volcanic ash from the Bronze Age eruption of Santorini is significant for the chronology of the Bronze Age sequence at Iasos and for the study of the Santorini eruption and effects in the eastern Mediterranean. Recent new discoveries or reassessment of old excavations conducted at settlements located on various Aegean islands such as Kythera, Thera, and Samothraki as well as at several eastern Mediterranean sites such as Tell Kabri (Israel), Avaris (Egypt), Miletus, and Çesme (Western Turkey) have sparked new interest in 'Minoanisation' and 2nd millennium trade networks. This publication will provide an important new body of evidence relevant to these subjects.