Freedom and Society in the Thought of Karl Marx

这项研究的目的是完成一本关于卡尔·马克思思想伦理层面的基础的书。一些评论家声称，马克思关于资本主义及其被共产主义取代的预期的描述，至少在他后来的著作中，不涉及对前者的任何系统批评或对后者的倡导，而是纯粹的科学的。其他人认为，他的叙述确实涉及批评和倡导，但他们对马克思赖以生存的基本伦理理想的看法不同。例如，人们不同地说他的理想是正义、平等、自由、社区或人类自我实现。在这项研究中，我打算论证，马克思的资本主义和共产主义理论确实系统地涉及到批评和倡导，但他所依赖的核心理想是“社会自由”，即个人只能通过参与某种社会互动来实现的自由，特别是在这种社会互动中，他们将彼此视为“个人”，而不是财产的所有者或社会角色的占有者。这就是马克思断言的理想的缩影，即在一个真实的社会中，个人在他们的交往中并通过他们的交往获得自由。正是这种理想，我将争辩说，是他拒绝资本主义和倡导共产主义的基础。我的目的是展示这种理想是如何在J·G·费希特和G·W·F·黑格尔的作品中发展起来的，以及马克思如何产生他自己独特的版本。然后，我打算问一问，马克思如何将它与他的人类本质上是劳动的人的观点联系起来。在这里，我将论证，对马克思来说，为彼此的需要而生产是人类社会交往的最基本形式，因为它是最必要的，因此，社会自由的理想必须在这个根本层面上实现。我打算继续说明，马克思试图从他对资本主义本身的分析中得出社会自由的理想。他通过将这一理想表现为资本主义本身的“内在”来做到这一点，因为资本主义代表了人类试图调和个人自由与社会互动的一种尝试。对马克思来说，这一尝试的失败表明，有必要用一种明确建立在“社会自由”思想基础上的生产制度来取代资本主义。最后，我计划继续考察“社会自由”作为当今政治哲学理想的可行性，不管马克思是如何得出它的，以及他从中得出了什么政治结论。今天的大多数政治哲学都是基于个人自由和自治的自由主义理想。然而，有人争辩说，这些理想是基于一种不切实际的图景，即人类是孤立和无关的个体。我打算问一问，社会自由的理想能否为政治哲学提供一个基础，从而更好地承认人类生活的社会性，同时捕捉自由主义理想所表达的道德直觉。我将在英国独自进行研究，使用费希特、黑格尔和马克思的德语原文和翻译文本，并研究当代政治哲学。然而，我经常与几个国家的黑格尔和马克思研究人员网络进行互动，这些研究将是我与这些同事持续对话的成果

The aim of this research is complete a book on the foundations of the ethical dimension of Karl Marx's thought.Some commentators have claimed that Marx's account of capitalism and its prospective replacement by communism, at least in his later writings, does not involve any systematic criticism of the former or advocacy of the latter, but is purely 'scientific'. Others have argued that his account does involve criticism and advocacy, but they differ in their view of the basic ethical ideals on which Marx relies. For example, it has variously been said that his ideals are justice, equality, freedom, community, or human self-realisation. In this research I plan to argue that Marx's theory of capitalism and communism does systematically involve criticism and advocacy, but that the central ideal on which he relies is one of 'social freedom', that is, a freedom that individuals can only achieve through participating in a certain kind of social interaction, specifically one in which they recognise and treat each other 'as individuals' rather than as owners of property or occupants of a social role. This is the ideal epitomised in Marx's assertion that 'In a real community individuals obtain their freedom in and through their association'. It is this ideal, I shall argue, which underlies his rejection of capitalism and advocacy of communism.I aim to show how this ideal develops in the works of J.G. Fichte and G.W.F. Hegel, and how Marx produces his own distinctive version of it. I then plan to ask how Marx connects it with his idea that humans are essentially labouring beings. Here I will argue that for Marx producing for each others' needs is the most fundamental form of human social interaction because it is the most necessary one, and that accordingly the ideal of social freedom must be achieved at this fundamental level.I plan to go on to show that Marx attempts to derive the ideal of social freedom from his analysis of capitalism itself. He does so by displaying this ideal as 'immanent' within capitalism itself, in that capitalism represents an attempt on the part of human beings to reconcile individual freedom with social interaction. For Marx, the failure of this attempt points to necessity of replacing capitalism with a system of production explicitly based on the idea of 'social freedom'.Finally, I plan to go on to investigate the viability of 'social freedom' as an ideal for political philosophy today, regardless of how Marx derived it and of the political conclusions he drew from it. Most political philosophy today is based on the liberal ideals of individual freedom and autonomy. However, it has been argued that these ideals are tacitly based on an unrealistic picture of humans as isolated and unrelated individuals. I plan to ask whether the ideal of social freedom could provide a basis for political philosophy that would better acknowledge the social character of human life while capturing the moral intuitions expressed in liberal ideals.I will undertake the research by myself in Britain, using texts by Fichte, Hegel and Marx in the original German and in translation, and works in contemporary political philosophy. However I am in regular interaction with a network of researchers on Hegel and Marx in several countries and the research will be a product of my ongoing dialogue with these colleagues