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England's Immigrants, 1330-1550: Resident Aliens in the Later Middle Ages

英国的移民，1330 年至 1550 年：中世纪晚期的居住外国人

基本信息

批准号：
AH/I022767/1
负责人：
William Ormrod
金额：
$ 99.97万
依托单位：
University of York
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FI022767%2F1
关键词：
England Immigrants 1330 1550 Resident

项目摘要

'England's Immigrants, 1330-1550' engages with topical debates about immigration and identity by undertaking a detailed analysis of the thousands of foreigners who made their homes and livelihoods in England in the later Middle Ages. In the broader history of England's immigrant communities, the period between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and the coming of the Huguenots in the mid-sixteenth century is traditionally characterised as one of isolationism and bigotry. But there is another and very different kind of story to be told of the immigrant experience in England between 1330 and 1550. An extraordinarily rich body of material in the National Archives reveals the identities of thousands of foreigners who continued to find their way into England. Some of these people prospered, and became fully naturalised subjects of the English crown. Others clustered in the poor areas of larger towns or scratched a living as migrant, seasonal workers in the agricultural economy. There is every indication that both public opinion and official policy usually treated these resident aliens with a liberal tolerance that was altogether exceptional in pre-modern Europe.The core data collected by the project comprises a series of taxes levied on aliens in England between 1440 and 1550. The largest groupings identified by the collectors were the Scots (who were an independent nation in this period), the Irish (who, although subjects of the English crown, were at first treated as aliens for tax purposes), the 'Dutch' (a label that denoted a range of northern Europeans who spoke Germanic languages) and the French (sometimes differentiated by regions as Picards, Normans, Bretons, Gascons, etc). There were also significant numbers of Italians, Iberians and Scandinavians. Preliminary investigations of the most comprehensive set of tax accounts, that for 1440, suggests that there were at least 20,000 registered aliens in England. This brings the alien presence to nearly 1% of a total population of 2.5 million, and as high as 6% in London. These figures are comparable with levels of immigration still being reported in the 1901 UK census. More remarkably still, the tax records reveal a huge amount of detail about the life experiences of these incomers. Immigrants established themselves as householders and/or servants, artisans and labourers, and included significant numbers of single and married women. They spread out in a remarkable diaspora over the whole of the country: indeed, contrary to received opinion, a remarkably large proportion of late-medieval English rural society must have had direct human contact with foreigners. Other evidence also reveals a small but discernible group of non-whites (and, at least originally, non-Christians), mainly from Iberia, North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.The full database of immigrants recorded in England between 1330 and 1550 will offer numerous opportunities for researchers. Local historians will be able to document the diversity of their communities in the Middle Ages. Family historians will find a rich body of evidence for the foreign origins of modern English surnames. Political historians will re-evaluate the mechanisms by which government sought to regulate immigration. Economic and social historians will investigate the role of foreigners in the agricultural, manufacturing and commercial economies. And cultural historians will have a powerful body of data on which to base new debates about the integration of foreigners and their contribution to evolving notions of nationality, race and religion.In these and many other ways, 'England's Immigrants, 1330-1550' aims to contribute significantly to the longer-term history of immigration and to provide a deep historical context for important contemporary debates about the free movement of peoples, about multiculturalism, and aboutnational identity.

《英格兰移民，1330-1550》通过对中世纪后期在英格兰定居和谋生的数千名外国人进行详细分析，参与了关于移民和身份的专题辩论。在英格兰移民社区的更广泛的历史中，1066年诺曼征服和16世纪中叶胡格诺派的到来之间的时期传统上被描述为孤立主义和偏执的时期。但是，关于1330年至1550年间英国的移民经历，还有另一个非常不同的故事要讲。国家档案馆中非常丰富的材料揭示了数千名继续进入英国的外国人的身份。这些人中的一些人成功了，并成为英国王室的完全归化臣民。其他人则聚集在较大城镇的贫困地区，或在农业经济中作为流动季节性工人谋生。所有迹象都表明，公众舆论和官方政策通常都以宽容的态度对待这些外国居民，这在前现代欧洲是非常罕见的。该项目收集的核心数据包括1440年至1550年期间对英国外国人征收的一系列税收。收集者确定的最大群体是苏格兰人（他们在这一时期是一个独立的国家），爱尔兰人（虽然是英国王室的臣民，但最初在税收方面被视为外国人），“荷兰人”（一个标签，表示一系列讲日耳曼语言的北方欧洲人）和法国人（有时按地区区分为皮卡德人，诺曼人，布列塔尼人，加斯孔人等）。还有大量的意大利人、伊比利亚人和斯堪的纳维亚人。对1440年最全面的税收账目的初步调查表明，在英格兰至少有20，000名登记在册的外国人。这使得外国人的存在接近250万总人口的1%，在伦敦高达6%。这些数字与1901年英国人口普查报告的移民水平相当。更值得注意的是，税务记录揭示了这些收入者生活经历的大量细节。移民以户主和/或仆人、工匠和劳工的身份立足，其中包括大量单身和已婚妇女。他们以显著的散居形式散布在整个英国。事实上，与人们普遍认为的相反，中世纪晚期英国农村社会中相当大的一部分人肯定与外国人有过直接的人际接触。其他证据也揭示了一小部分非白人（至少最初是非基督徒），主要来自伊比利亚、北非和地中海东部。1330年至1550年期间英国移民的完整数据库将为研究人员提供大量机会。当地历史学家将能够记录他们的社区在中世纪的多样性。家庭历史学家会发现大量的证据来证明现代英语姓氏的外国起源。政治历史学家将重新评估政府试图管理移民的机制。经济和社会历史学家将调查外国人在农业，制造业和商业经济中的作用。文化历史学家将拥有一个强大的数据库，可以据此展开新的辩论，讨论外国人的融入以及他们对民族、种族和宗教观念演变的贡献。1330-1550年的目标是为更长的时间做出贡献，这本书的目的是为当代关于人民自由流动、多元文化主义和国家认同的重要辩论提供一个深刻的历史背景。