PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF STUTTERERS FLUENT SPEECH

描述：(改编自《调查者摘要》)：演讲稿 是一个综合的过程，在这个过程中，意图转化为行动 一系列的感觉运动操作。对于大多数个人来说，演讲 生产过程运行平稳。对于口吃(PWS)的人，这是 流程间歇性地中断。语音输出的不流畅， 以声音/音节重复和/或延长或完整为特征的 语音输出的块，扰乱正常的空间和时间模式 运动的力量。这种明显的适应不良的原因或原因 交际行为在人群中是明显的，并持续到 成年期目前还不得而知。文学中的一个争议是 以及PWS与不口吃的人有何不同。一种可能性是 普通话水平测试的语音生成系统与普通话测试的语音生成系统没有什么不同 非口吃的个体和口吃是第二个特征 更高级别的损伤(认知、语言、心理)。 或者，问题的症结在于语音马达控制 PWS系统和更高级别的过程与不稳定的输出相互作用 导致语音流畅的系统故障。我们建议，基于 现有的文献认为，这两种可能性都存在，而且，最 以前解决这一问题的尝试必须限于范围和 技术，使明确的结论为时过早。在现在 提案中，我们将沿着一个 反映认知、语言和 感觉运动能力。经验技术包括运动学 牙合功能检查、口腔面肌电分析 肌肉活动，对机械和听觉反应的检查 说话过程中的干扰，反应时间与增加 语言复杂性和注意要求与功能磁力 语言加工和产生过程中的共振成像。这项研究 关注理论和实践问题，以便最大限度地 研究对理解精神障碍的影响。其他许多人 拟议的调查将提供关于许多重要的 用于通信的神经系统操作以及它们可以 在口吃的个体中受到损害。其他调查将提供 通过描述语音的具体变化来提供有用的临床信息 生产变量伴随着许多已知的临床技术 减少口吃的频率。我们还试图找出差异 在实验性口吃之前的运动变异函数 以确定这些发作是否可以通过检查预测 流利的语言。一旦确定，这些变量就可以用来预测 口吃发作，并最终用于治疗口吃障碍。

DESCRIPTION: (Adapted From The Investigator's Abstract): Speech production is an integrative process in which intent is transformed in to action though a series of sensorimotor operations. For most individuals, the speech production process operates smoothly. For persons who stutter (PWS), this process intermittently breaks down. Dysfluencies in speech output, characterized by sound/syllable repetition and/or lengthening, or complete blocks of speech output, disrupt the normal spatial and temporal patterning of movement. The reason or reasons why this apparent maladaptive communicative behavior is manifest in the population, and persists into adulthood is currently unknown. A controversy in the literature is whether and how PWS differ from persons who do not stutter. One possibility is that the speech production system of PWS is not different from those of nonstuttering individuals and stuttering is the secondary characteristic of higher level impairment (cognitive, linguistic, psychological). Alternatively, the locus of the problem is in the speech motor control systems of PWS and the higher level processes interact with unstable output system causing a breakdown of fluent speech. We suggest, based on the available literature that both possibilities exists and further, that most previous attempts to resolve this issue have to limited in scope and technique as to render definitive conclusions premature. In the present proposal, we will examine the performance of stuttering individuals along a number of dimensions reflecting a sampling of cognitive, linguistic, and sensorimotor capabilities. The empirical techniques include the kinematic examination of articulator motion, electromyographic analysis of orofacial muscle activity, the examination of responses to mechanical and auditory disruptions during speaking, reaction times associated with increasing linguistic complexity and attentional demands, and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging during language processing and production. The research focuses on both theoretical and practical issues in order to maximize the impact of the research on understanding the disorder. Many of the other investigations proposed will provide information on many of the important nervous system operations for communication and the manner in which they may be impaired in stuttering individuals. Other investigations will provide useful clinical information by describing the specific changes in speech production variables that accompany a number of clinical techniques known to reduce the frequency of stuttering. We also attempt to identify differences in movement variance functions preceding experimentally-induced stuttering episodes to determine if these episodes can be predicted from an examination of fluent speech. Once identified, such variables could be used to predict the onset of stuttering episodes and ultimately in treating the disorder.