PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF STUTTERERS FLUENT SPEECH

描述：（改编自研究者摘要）：言语产生 是一个整合的过程，在这个过程中，意图被转化为行动， 一系列的感觉运动操作 对大多数人来说，演讲 生产过程运行平稳。 对于口吃者（PWS）， 过程间歇性中断。 语言输出不流畅， 以声音/音节重复和/或延长为特征的，或完整的 语音输出块，破坏正常的空间和时间模式， 的运动。 这种明显的适应不良的原因 沟通行为在人群中很明显，并持续到 成年期目前尚不清楚。 文献中的一个争议是， 以及PWS与不口吃的人有何不同。 一种可能是 PWS的语音生成系统与 不口吃的人和口吃是次要特征， 更高程度的损害（认知、语言、心理）。 或者，问题的根源在于言语运动控制 PWS系统和高层过程相互作用，输出不稳定 导致流利讲话中断的系统。 我们建议，根据 现有的文献表明，这两种可能性都存在，而且大多数 以前解决这个问题的尝试在范围上是有限的， 技术，使明确的结论过早。 本 建议，我们将研究表现口吃的个人沿沿着 许多维度反映了认知，语言和 感觉运动能力 经验技术包括运动学 牙合架运动检查，口面肌电分析 肌肉活动，检查对机械和听觉的反应 说话时的中断，与增加相关的反应时间 语言的复杂性和注意力的需求，以及功能磁 共振成像在语言处理和生产。 研究 注重理论和实践问题，以最大限度地提高 研究对理解这种疾病的影响。 许多其他 建议的调查将提供许多重要的信息， 神经系统的通信操作和方式，他们可以 对口吃者的影响。 其他调查将提供 通过描述言语的具体变化， 生产变量伴随着许多已知的临床技术， 减少口吃的频率。 我们还试图找出差异 在实验诱导的口吃之前的运动方差函数中， 以确定这些发作是否可以从检查中预测 流利的演讲。 一旦确定，这些变量可以用来预测 口吃发作和最终治疗这种疾病。

DESCRIPTION: (Adapted From The Investigator's Abstract): Speech production is an integrative process in which intent is transformed in to action though a series of sensorimotor operations. For most individuals, the speech production process operates smoothly. For persons who stutter (PWS), this process intermittently breaks down. Dysfluencies in speech output, characterized by sound/syllable repetition and/or lengthening, or complete blocks of speech output, disrupt the normal spatial and temporal patterning of movement. The reason or reasons why this apparent maladaptive communicative behavior is manifest in the population, and persists into adulthood is currently unknown. A controversy in the literature is whether and how PWS differ from persons who do not stutter. One possibility is that the speech production system of PWS is not different from those of nonstuttering individuals and stuttering is the secondary characteristic of higher level impairment (cognitive, linguistic, psychological). Alternatively, the locus of the problem is in the speech motor control systems of PWS and the higher level processes interact with unstable output system causing a breakdown of fluent speech. We suggest, based on the available literature that both possibilities exists and further, that most previous attempts to resolve this issue have to limited in scope and technique as to render definitive conclusions premature. In the present proposal, we will examine the performance of stuttering individuals along a number of dimensions reflecting a sampling of cognitive, linguistic, and sensorimotor capabilities. The empirical techniques include the kinematic examination of articulator motion, electromyographic analysis of orofacial muscle activity, the examination of responses to mechanical and auditory disruptions during speaking, reaction times associated with increasing linguistic complexity and attentional demands, and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging during language processing and production. The research focuses on both theoretical and practical issues in order to maximize the impact of the research on understanding the disorder. Many of the other investigations proposed will provide information on many of the important nervous system operations for communication and the manner in which they may be impaired in stuttering individuals. Other investigations will provide useful clinical information by describing the specific changes in speech production variables that accompany a number of clinical techniques known to reduce the frequency of stuttering. We also attempt to identify differences in movement variance functions preceding experimentally-induced stuttering episodes to determine if these episodes can be predicted from an examination of fluent speech. Once identified, such variables could be used to predict the onset of stuttering episodes and ultimately in treating the disorder.