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The French Resistance between Myth, Memory and Narrative

法国人对神话、记忆和叙事的抵抗

基本信息

批准号：
AH/J000280/1
负责人：
Robert Gildea
金额：
$ 11.97万
依托单位：
University of Oxford
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2011 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FJ000280%2F1
关键词：
French Resistance between Myth Memory

项目摘要

This project challenges both the myth of French resistance and the 'scientific' or academic histories of the Resistance in the last thirty years. Early work on the French Resistance, written by the resisters themselves from their own testimonies, developed the myth of 'la France résistante' as a dominant narrative as a response to the need to restore a sense of unity and pride to the French nation. This approach was criticised after 1980 by 'scientific' or academic histories of the Resistance which rejected the individual testimony of former resisters as unreliable and partisan. It argued that only the 'objective' archival sources that were then becoming available to researchers should be used and established tight definitions of what amounted to acts of resistance.A previous project, Marianne in Chains(2002), was of the 'scientific' kind, using conventional archival sources to demonstrate how marginal resistance was to ordinary people and communities seeking to weather defeat and occupation. The methodology of the current project takes up the challenge of the subjective turn in much recent historiography and an interest in exploring wartime France through the prism of individual testimonies such as Irene Nemirowsky's Suite française (2004). My previous AHRC project, 'Around 1968: Activism, Networks, Trajectories' (2007-10), highlighted important insights gained from the study of oral testimony, such as the way in which memory constructs itself as narrative and the constant dialogue between individual subjectivity, group and societal memory or narrative. The current project takes the view that 'la Résistance' was not a single mythical entity, neither can it be reduced to a single ideal-type. It argues that resistance was what those who engaged in it said that it meant and that resisters were those who constructed themselves as such. Resistance, however, was constructed within certain frameworks and had to be translated for given audiences. In the first place it was developed to convince the Allies of the need for intervention to liberate France. Secondly, it was contested between rival groups battling to impose their resistance narrative as hegemonic - between resisters inside France and the Free French in Britain or the French Empire, between Communist and non-Communist resisters, French and foreign resisters, resisters working within the Vichy regime and those outside it, by Christian and Jewish resisters. Third, ideas of resistance were in dialogue with wider accounts of resistance elaborated by the media more widely in French society, and changing over time. These changes culminated in the paradigm shift in the 1990s which caused the Second World War to be seen through the lens of the Holocaust, and replaced the heroic image of the resistance fighter by that of the Juste de France who had saved Jews from deportation to Auschwitz.Research will be undertaken both in Britain and France. Letters and accounts written from wartime France will be consulted in the BBC's Written Archives at Caversham, the BCRA archives in Paris (3AG2) and the SOE Archives at the National Archive at Kew (HS 4-9).In France, the main source will be the individual testimonies conserved in the Archives Nationales series 72AJ, together with applications for official recognition as resisters in the War Veterans ministry and unpublished autobiographies kept by the Association pour l'Autobiographie et le Patrimoine Autobiographique. The principal output of this project will be a monograph on the French Resistance. It will also contribute to the Wiles lectures I have been invited to give in 2013 entitled Myth, Memory and Narrative in France since 1940, and will contribute to a collaborative project I am developing with Steffen Prauser on resistance in wartime Europe and its transnational dimensions, both real and imagined, taking into account French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Danish, Soviet and also German resistance.

这个项目挑战了法国抵抗运动的神话和过去三十年抵抗运动的“科学”或学术史。法国抵抗运动的早期作品，由抵抗者自己根据自己的证词撰写，发展了“法国抵抗”的神话，作为对恢复法国民族团结和自豪感的需求的主要叙述。1980年后，这种方法受到了抵抗运动的“科学”或学术史的批评，这些历史拒绝了前抵抗运动者的个人证词，认为这些证词不可靠，而且带有党派色彩。它认为，只有研究人员可以获得的“客观”档案资料才应该被使用，并建立了严格的定义，什么是抵抗行为。之前的一个项目，玛丽安在锁链（2002），是“科学"的，使用传统的档案资料来证明如何边际抵抗是普通人和社区寻求天气失败和占领。当前项目的方法论接受了近代史学中主观转向的挑战，并通过个人证词的棱镜（如艾琳·内米罗斯基的法国组曲（2004年））探索战时法国的兴趣。我以前的AHRC项目，“1968年左右：行动主义，网络，轨迹”（2007-10），突出了从口头证词的研究中获得的重要见解，如记忆本身作为叙事和个人主观性，群体和社会记忆或叙事之间的不断对话的方式。目前的项目认为，“抵抗”不是一个单一的神话实体，也不能被简化为一个单一的理想类型。它认为，抵抗是那些参与者所说的，抵抗者是那些把自己塑造成抵抗者的人。然而，抵制是在某些框架内形成的，必须针对特定的受众加以翻译。首先，它的发展是为了使盟国相信有必要进行干预以解放法国。第二，它是在敌对团体之间争夺的，这些团体都在争夺将他们的抵抗叙事作为霸权强加于人--在法国境内的抵抗者与英国或法兰西帝国的自由法国人之间，在共产主义者与非共产主义者之间，在法国和外国抵抗者之间，在维希政权内部工作的抵抗者与在其外部工作的抵抗者之间，由基督教和犹太抵抗者。第三，抵抗思想与法国社会更广泛的媒体所阐述的更广泛的抵抗描述进行对话，并随着时间的推移而变化。这些变化在1990年代的范式转变中达到顶峰，导致人们通过大屠杀的透镜来看待第二次世界大战，并以拯救犹太人免遭驱逐到奥斯威辛集中营的Juste de France的英雄形象取代了抵抗战士的英雄形象。从战时法国写的信件和记录将在卡韦尔舍姆的BBC书面档案馆、巴黎的BCRA档案馆（3AG 2）和基尤国家档案馆的SOE档案馆（HS 4-9）中查阅。在法国，主要来源将是保存在国家档案馆系列72 AJ中的个人证词，连同申请正式承认为抵抗者在战争退伍军人部和未出版的自传保存的协会pour l 'Autobiographie et le Patrimoine Autobiographique。该项目的主要产出将是一本关于法国抵抗运动的专著。它也将有助于怀尔斯讲座我已被邀请给在2013年题为神话，记忆和叙事在法国自1940年以来，并将有助于一个合作项目，我正在开发与斯特芬Prauser在战时欧洲的抵抗及其跨国层面，无论是真实的和想象，考虑到法国，西班牙，意大利，荷兰，丹麦，苏联和德国的抵抗。